May
13
A Clear Pond; Proper Pond Maintenance, Filtration, and Chemistry
Filed Under Organic Chemistry | Leave a Comment
Keeping a clear pond in the warm or hot summer months involves these key ingredients for proper filtration:
[1] ADEQUATE WATER CIRCULATION AND MOVEMENT.
A general principle (not a rule) of about 50-200 gph per 100 gallons can work for this (A lower proportional gph for large ponds, a higher proportional gph for small ponds). This can be achieved with more than one pump and even a large aeration device (air stone). As for the air stone, I find they are excellent for vertical circulation, often better than water pumps of greater gph. A large double air pump such as a ReSun 9603, Million Air 600, Whisper 800, or Maxima with two air stones can circulate at a rate up to 500 gph. A way to check this is to place the air stone down a narrow PVC tube or aquarium lift tube, then place the top of the tube just above the water level and measure the rate the water fills up a gallon container (one gallon in 15 seconds= 240 gph).
A good water pump is the Via Aqua 2600, 3300 or 6500 hydrant pump. Both have sealed electromagnetic motors and ceramic shafts.
[2] GOOD FILTRATION.
I prefer pressurized pond filters such as the "Clear Stream" for their efficiency and ease of hiding in the ground. But there are many excellent filters available.
For small ponds (and even medium-large), large sponge filters are excellent bio filters and reasonable mechanical filters. They are inexpensive, easy to service, and simple to attach with either a power head pump or and air stone. There now is a specific Pond Sponge Filter called the"Hydro-Pond" there are two models; one air driven, one pump driven. They are useful up to 1500 gallons and more can be used for larger ponds or in combination with other filters.
Bio falls are also excellent pond filters. I do not recommend the old style Becket or Pond Master Submersible filters; they clog easily, are hard to service, and are not efficient filters. Multiple types of filtration are also excellent, such as a pressurized filter- bio falls combination, or a pressurized filter- sponge filter combination.
[3] PLANT FILTRATION (Often called Veggie Filters)
This is a very important part of pond keeping and filtration. A well planted and diversified planted pond is VERY important for clarity, pond and fish health, and even fish breeding. Any plant with a good root structure that grows fast and has the majority of their leaves above water is a good candidate to start with. I recommend water iris for their strong root structure, fast growth, great nutrient absorption, and a great place for baby fish (fry) to hide feed and grow. There are many other excellent plants as well such as bull rush. Make sure these types of plants (plants with roots in water and leaves above) are planted in an area of good, but not strong water movement. This ensures that they will do their job as plant filters.
Other plants such as lilies and hyacinth are excellent for nutrient removal too, but not at the rate of iris and similar plants. They are useful for shade, which will slow algae growth
[4] UV STERILIZATION.
Although not always necessary in a well planted, well shaded, well filter aquarium; they are still very useful. UVs help with algae control, disease prevention, and the Redox potential (which is important for fish health and proper filtration). For the UV to properly function in a pond, the flow rate should not exceed 20-45 gph per watt of UVC. In larger ponds with high flow rates I recommend more than one UV sterilizer, with a by-pass from the main line, connected in PARELLEL not in line together. For this reason, I also do not recommend the popular filters with built in UVs, as the flow rate is usually too high to work properly. A separate UV is always best! For more information about proper UV sterilization and how it works please visit this site; "WHY USE A UV STERILIZER"
Many times I have heard of complaints that their UV did not help with algae control, when I checked this client’s pond, I found inadequate filtration and an improperly installed UV sterilizer. Even a properly installed UV Sterilizer cannot over come poor filtration and a poorly planted pond. And many manufacturers make claims of high flow rates that are impossible for proper contact time.
[5] CLEANING (proper chemistry):
In a healthy pond, with a properly functioning nitrogen cycle, water changes can be minimal. I still recommend a water change of 10-20% per month on a healthy, fully functional pond. In a newer pond larger and more frequent changes may be necessary.
If your pond has a KH below 80 ppm and a pH below 7.0, I would first look to possible causes. One common one is the buildup of organic mulm on the bottom of the pond. The decomposition of this will produce nitric acids which will affect the pH and KH. Since most pond keeper have koi or goldfish, this is important to note, as both these fish do much better at a pH above 7.2 and need the calcium provided by the KH for proper osmotic function. See "Proper Calcium, Magnesium and KH in Aquariums" for more information about Calcium KH, and GH.
If a lot of leaves fall to the bottom of the pond vacuuming them or raking them out is important to prevent organic buildup.
Water changes also will help with pH and KH if your tap or well water is slightly alkaline and has a KH above 80 ppm.
A final note about KH, if your KH is below 80 ppm you will NOT have a healthy pond in the long term!
For much more, please read my vastly expanded Pond article with links to even more resources as well as pictures: A Clear Pond; Pond maintenance set-up, chemistry, filtration, predators and much much more.
By: Carl Strohmeyer
[1] ADEQUATE WATER CIRCULATION AND MOVEMENT.
A general principle (not a rule) of about 50-200 gph per 100 gallons can work for this (A lower proportional gph for large ponds, a higher proportional gph for small ponds). This can be achieved with more than one pump and even a large aeration device (air stone). As for the air stone, I find they are excellent for vertical circulation, often better than water pumps of greater gph. A large double air pump such as a ReSun 9603, Million Air 600, Whisper 800, or Maxima with two air stones can circulate at a rate up to 500 gph. A way to check this is to place the air stone down a narrow PVC tube or aquarium lift tube, then place the top of the tube just above the water level and measure the rate the water fills up a gallon container (one gallon in 15 seconds= 240 gph).
A good water pump is the Via Aqua 2600, 3300 or 6500 hydrant pump. Both have sealed electromagnetic motors and ceramic shafts.
[2] GOOD FILTRATION.
I prefer pressurized pond filters such as the "Clear Stream" for their efficiency and ease of hiding in the ground. But there are many excellent filters available.
For small ponds (and even medium-large), large sponge filters are excellent bio filters and reasonable mechanical filters. They are inexpensive, easy to service, and simple to attach with either a power head pump or and air stone. There now is a specific Pond Sponge Filter called the"Hydro-Pond" there are two models; one air driven, one pump driven. They are useful up to 1500 gallons and more can be used for larger ponds or in combination with other filters.
Bio falls are also excellent pond filters. I do not recommend the old style Becket or Pond Master Submersible filters; they clog easily, are hard to service, and are not efficient filters. Multiple types of filtration are also excellent, such as a pressurized filter- bio falls combination, or a pressurized filter- sponge filter combination.
[3] PLANT FILTRATION (Often called Veggie Filters)
This is a very important part of pond keeping and filtration. A well planted and diversified planted pond is VERY important for clarity, pond and fish health, and even fish breeding. Any plant with a good root structure that grows fast and has the majority of their leaves above water is a good candidate to start with. I recommend water iris for their strong root structure, fast growth, great nutrient absorption, and a great place for baby fish (fry) to hide feed and grow. There are many other excellent plants as well such as bull rush. Make sure these types of plants (plants with roots in water and leaves above) are planted in an area of good, but not strong water movement. This ensures that they will do their job as plant filters.
Other plants such as lilies and hyacinth are excellent for nutrient removal too, but not at the rate of iris and similar plants. They are useful for shade, which will slow algae growth
[4] UV STERILIZATION.
Although not always necessary in a well planted, well shaded, well filter aquarium; they are still very useful. UVs help with algae control, disease prevention, and the Redox potential (which is important for fish health and proper filtration). For the UV to properly function in a pond, the flow rate should not exceed 20-45 gph per watt of UVC. In larger ponds with high flow rates I recommend more than one UV sterilizer, with a by-pass from the main line, connected in PARELLEL not in line together. For this reason, I also do not recommend the popular filters with built in UVs, as the flow rate is usually too high to work properly. A separate UV is always best! For more information about proper UV sterilization and how it works please visit this site; "WHY USE A UV STERILIZER"
Many times I have heard of complaints that their UV did not help with algae control, when I checked this client’s pond, I found inadequate filtration and an improperly installed UV sterilizer. Even a properly installed UV Sterilizer cannot over come poor filtration and a poorly planted pond. And many manufacturers make claims of high flow rates that are impossible for proper contact time.
[5] CLEANING (proper chemistry):
In a healthy pond, with a properly functioning nitrogen cycle, water changes can be minimal. I still recommend a water change of 10-20% per month on a healthy, fully functional pond. In a newer pond larger and more frequent changes may be necessary.
If your pond has a KH below 80 ppm and a pH below 7.0, I would first look to possible causes. One common one is the buildup of organic mulm on the bottom of the pond. The decomposition of this will produce nitric acids which will affect the pH and KH. Since most pond keeper have koi or goldfish, this is important to note, as both these fish do much better at a pH above 7.2 and need the calcium provided by the KH for proper osmotic function. See "Proper Calcium, Magnesium and KH in Aquariums" for more information about Calcium KH, and GH.
If a lot of leaves fall to the bottom of the pond vacuuming them or raking them out is important to prevent organic buildup.
Water changes also will help with pH and KH if your tap or well water is slightly alkaline and has a KH above 80 ppm.
A final note about KH, if your KH is below 80 ppm you will NOT have a healthy pond in the long term!
For much more, please read my vastly expanded Pond article with links to even more resources as well as pictures: A Clear Pond; Pond maintenance set-up, chemistry, filtration, predators and much much more.
By: Carl Strohmeyer
May
13
The potential behavior of plants alkaloids in animal cells vitality
Filed Under Biochemistry | Leave a Comment
The potential behavior of plants alkaloids in animal cells vitality
Ali Parsaeimehr1
1.PhD student at the field of plant Biotechnology at the National Academy Of science institute of G.S.Davtyan Institute of Hydroponics Problems NAS RA and Academician of young researcher organization.
Abstract: it is clear that Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses even in medicinal purposes , between the synthesis compounds of plants alkaloids play an important but dilemma role at these aims , alkaloids for plants known as a secondary metabolite which could by essential for plants ecological surviving but it s a question remaining are these compound’s as a source for medical uses that it s going to world spread are vital for animals cells or not ?, well through this question a disquisition have been done for clearing some of the answers , we know that cells in both kingdom of plants or animals regulate intra from extra environment well these adjustment and regulations applies by use of ions channels (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that behavior and the mobility of ions guarantied the cells vital. Some of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids in plants, known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin could disrupt these act , the molecular structure of plant alkaloid with some vital compound’s in cells and their similarity of theme could be the reason of their serious potential of act as an inhibitor or resonancer in animals cells vitality well Amino acids like Phe, Tyr, Try have Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica could be play a deadly way in the vitality of animals Kingdome and according to this acaealepsy we can safely assume there are too many targets for alkaloids acts such as: plasma membrane , ribosome’s or even DNA or RNA in animals cells , The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters’ which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals and as a consequences affected one of them by inheritors or resonators could occasion the vitality of animal cells. It’s amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell which its refers to the immunological responds to the plants alkaloids for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine could act in this importance, the Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids are the other mysterious role of these kind of secondary metabolites in animals vitality There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloidesanimal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms or animal cells, Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. In this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed.
Key word: plants Alkaloids, animals cell vitality, antimicrobial effects
__________________________________________________________________
1.Introduction: In toadies world use of medicines by the base of plants between the nations and countries have been wide spread and the effect of these kinds of drugs are undeniable but of course it’s better that we show the effect of secondary metabolites compounds and between them ,the alkaloids which synthesizes in plants cells and
shows their dilemmas effect of these kind of secondary metabolites, well according to cells biology and their metabolites , cell s adjust their intra from extra environment in a caution way , these adjustment and regulations applies by use of ions channels (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that behavior and the mobility of ions guarantied the cells vital(Alberts et al.1993). Some of secondary metabolites such as cardiac glycoside in plants, insects and a kind of toads from the family of (Bufonidae) have been discovered, these kinds of secondary metabolites known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin which act as the same way and affect at Na+, K?, ATPas or ion channels and as it clearly shown these ions plays a vital role in order to cells vitality or even at the animals nervous system (Mann, J. 1992).in animals cells most of the cells activities such as endo- exocytose, cells division is by base of microtubules or microfilaments activities in these suit some of Alkaloids such as Colchicines, Maytansin, Taxol, Vinca Alkaloids have the potential of coupling with theme and inhibiter their activities due the cells progress , these expanded domain of activity of plants alkaloids in animals cell and the reason of it should by search in their molecular structure.
2. Discussion & Deliberation of Alkaloids potential: alkaloids have been extracted from and found in ~20% of vascular plants, their Compounds usually basic (alkaline) ~40,000 compounds currently described and Structurally the most diverse class of secondary metabolites and most of them use for medicinal usage like Morphine (painkiller),Vincristine (anticancer agent) , Cocaine (anesthetic, drug of abuse), Caffeine (stimulant) , well its seems that the best describe of this kind of secondary metabolites have been done at 1963 through their chemotaxonomy and by this base they remain in 3 group such as:
Proto alkaloids .3 Pseudo alkaloids .2 Proper alkaloids .1
2.1.1. Proper alkaloid: they also known as true alkaloids we can describe them as the fallow: Basic Nitrogen part of a heterocyclic ring system, Chemically complex, Derived biosynthetically from amino acids, especially the cyclic ,Amino acids: Phe, Tyr, Try, Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica. Small tree found from India to
Northern Australia. Fruit is a large berry with a hard coat and pulpy interior containing 3-5 fleshy grey seeds – contain ~1.2% strychnine, 60mg can kill an adult by the way we can say that the highly potential of it s activity is by the base of it molecular structure( Habermehi, G. 1983, Mann, J. 1992.).
And as we can see strychnine, simply coupled with L-tryptophan one of the most important amino acid in cells vitality (Albert’s ET al.1993).
2.2.2. Pseudo alkaloid: Nitrogen containing (physiologically active) compounds not derived from amino acids, the purine ring is gradually elaborated by piecing together small components from primary metabolism for example caffeine the alkaloids which extracted from coffee
2.2.3. Proto alkaloids: they have physiologically active, Nitrogen atom is outside the ring system and this is the reason for nominated them as proto alkaloids well the alkaloids such as ephedrine or colchicines are one of the good examples of these kinds of alkaloids which play medicinally rolls in the industry of drugs. COLCHISINE the copesetic alkaloid of the Colchicum autumnale plant the family of Liliaceae which sustainability band through
Tubulin in a compeer of 1:1 (the Antimitotic potential) and thus inhibits the assembly of microtubules and as a consequence the meiotic spindle of dividing cells disappear suddenly after colchicines treatment and the chromatids no longer separated but whereas the animal cells die under this condition the plant cells become polyploidy and leads in breeding programs, using this alkaloid as an anticancer because of its Antimitotic potential widespread but after a while because of its damage to cells skeleton colchisin lay away and another alkaloid by the base of it by the name of colcemide use in this aim well this alkaloids because of their
Lipophilicity potential, simply absorb by cells and its clear why the family of colchicum plants are not attack by herbivores (Teuscher E et al.1995).
2.3. The effect of Alkaloids on Neurotransmitter Receptors: the nerve single transduction in the central nervous system and in neuromuscular junction is mediated by receptor proteins residing in the membrane which directly or indirectly coupled with ion channels the neurotransmitters involve include (Alberts et al.1993). among others adrenalin(NA),serotonin, dopamine, histamine, glycine, GABA, and acetylcholine have been deduced to ion channels ,to many plant alkaloids have the similar molecular structure with these neurotransmitters for instance acetylcholine and histamine in sting hairy roots of Urtica or serotonin and dopamine in several species, and the acts can be:
I. The receptor itself through inhibition or overstimulation
II.The enzymes that deactivate neurotransmitters after they have bound to a receptor
III.Transport process, which are important for storage of the neurotransmitters in synaptic
IV.Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of a neurotransmitter (Mothes, K.et al.1985, Robinson, T. A. 1981).
Table I. some of the alkaloids as inhibitors of Neurotransmitters
__________________________________________________________________________________
Enzyme Natural Substrate Alkaloid occurrence (plant)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Acetylcholine esterase Acetylcholine Physostigmine (eserine) Physostigma veneosum
Berberine several papaveracea
Coptisine several papaveracea
Galanthamine several Amaryllidaceae
Chaconine Solanum
Solanine Solanum
Solanidine Solanum
Huperzine A Huperzia srrata
Monoamine oxidase NA. dopamine, Serotonin Harmaline Pegamum
histamine Harmine Peganum
Ephedrine Ephedra
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters’ which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals and as a consequences affected one of them by inheritors or resonators could occasion the vitality of animal cells (Rosenthal, et al.1992).
All animals need to transport nutrients, hormones, ions, signals compounds, O2 and CO2 between the different organs of the body well this achieved in higher animals through blood in the circulatory system.Inhibitorrs of its motor, the heart ,were discussed earlier . But the synthesize of red blood cells is also vulnerable and can inhibited by antimiotic alkaloids , such as vinblastin or colchisin and some allelochemicals have hemolytic properties, such as saponins and steroidal alkaloids , these compounds complex membrane sterls and make cells leaky these effected consequently effected the vitality of animal cells(Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994).
Table II .The Alkaloids which known as inheritors or resonators for nervous signal transmission
________________________________________________________________________________________
Receptor’s Ligand Alkaloids Occurrence(plant)
________________________________________________________________________________________
Acetylcholine receptor Acetylcholine Nicotine Nicotinana, many other plants
C-toxiferine strychnos
Tubocurarine Chondodendron
Cytosine and other QA Several legumes
Lobeline Lobelia
Anabasine Anabasis , Nicotiana
Hyoscyamine (atropine) Atropa, Hysoscyamus, Datura.
Scopolamine Several Solanaceae
Arecoline Areca
Adrenergic receptors Noradrenaline/adrenaline Norlaudanosoline Papaveraceae
Ephedrine, norephedrine Ephedra
________________________________________________________________________________________
Its amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell which its refers to the immunological responds to the plants alkaloids for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine, hypercin , helenalin , Activation or repression of the immune response are certainly targets that were selected during evaluation as an antiherbivore strategy(Luckner et.al.1990).
2.4. Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids:
There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids that protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloids animal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms, protein biosynthesis in ribosome’s is another vulnerable target for plant alkaloids even the stability of biomembranes can be disrobed by steroidal alkaloids(Luckner et.al.1990).
In another view even herbicidal properties or germination inhibition which can be observed in plant-plant interactions, can also proceed via the above mentioned mechanisms but interaction with growth hormones and their metabolites also must be considered (Wagner, H. 1993).
3. Counclusion:
Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses, will be even more compatible in the future. Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. in this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed .In many instance , plants contain mixture of related alkaloids , which only differ for particular substitution patterns well this allelochemical properties are requisite for chemical defense compound in an ecological context for surviving of plants but also constitute the base for their exploitation in medicine or agriculture, well after all of these dilemma situation we should use medicines by the source of plants in a secure and caution way but to many experiments demands through this complicated way.
4. References:
Alberts, B. D., Lewis, J. Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J. D. 1993. .Molecular Biology of the Cell.3rd ed . Garland. New York. Habermehi, G. 1983. Gifttiere and ihre Waffen. Springer. Berlin. Harborne, J. B. 1993. introduction to Eclogical Biochemistry.4 th ed. Academy press. san Diego. Luckner, M. 1990 Secondery Metabolism in Microorganism.Plants and Animals .Springer, Berlin. Luckner, M. 1990. Secondary Metabolism in Microorganisms, Plants and Animal, Springer, Berlin mann,J..1992, Murder,Magic and Medicine.Oxford University Press. London. Mann, J. 1992. Murder Magic and medicine.Oxfordr University press .London. Mothes, K., Schutte, H. R. and Luckner, M. 1985. Biochemistery of Alkaloides .VCH. Weinheim. Robinson, T. A. 1981. The Biochemistry of alkaloids, Springer. Berlin. Rosenthal, G. A. and Berenbaum, M. R. 1992. Herbivores: Theair Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites vol.Academic Press, San Diego. Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994. Biogene Gifte. Fischer. Stuttgart. Urk H, Schipper D, Breedveld GJ, Paul RM, Scheffers WA, van Dijken JP (1989) Biochim Biophys Acta 992: 78 Scopes RK (1989) In: van Unden N (ed), Alcohol toxicity in yeast and bacteria, CRC Press Inc, p. 89 Wagner, H. 1993. Pharmazeutische Biologie . 2. Drogen and ihre Inhalisstoffe, Fisher, Stuttgart. Zhou, G.M. 1980. Studies on useful compounds of Bai-Zhi for healing Yin- Hsieh Ping. Chung-Chen-Yau Res. 4: 33. (In Chinese). Zhou, G.M., C.G. Yu, Y.C. Han, and C.T. Mun. 1988. Studies on Bai-Zhi. IV. The toxicity test of useful compounds. Med. J. China Hospital 8: 220-221. (In Chinese).
By: Ali Parsaeimehr
Ali Parsaeimehr1
1.PhD student at the field of plant Biotechnology at the National Academy Of science institute of G.S.Davtyan Institute of Hydroponics Problems NAS RA and Academician of young researcher organization.
Abstract: it is clear that Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses even in medicinal purposes , between the synthesis compounds of plants alkaloids play an important but dilemma role at these aims , alkaloids for plants known as a secondary metabolite which could by essential for plants ecological surviving but it s a question remaining are these compound’s as a source for medical uses that it s going to world spread are vital for animals cells or not ?, well through this question a disquisition have been done for clearing some of the answers , we know that cells in both kingdom of plants or animals regulate intra from extra environment well these adjustment and regulations applies by use of ions channels (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that behavior and the mobility of ions guarantied the cells vital. Some of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids in plants, known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin could disrupt these act , the molecular structure of plant alkaloid with some vital compound’s in cells and their similarity of theme could be the reason of their serious potential of act as an inhibitor or resonancer in animals cells vitality well Amino acids like Phe, Tyr, Try have Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica could be play a deadly way in the vitality of animals Kingdome and according to this acaealepsy we can safely assume there are too many targets for alkaloids acts such as: plasma membrane , ribosome’s or even DNA or RNA in animals cells , The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters’ which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals and as a consequences affected one of them by inheritors or resonators could occasion the vitality of animal cells. It’s amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell which its refers to the immunological responds to the plants alkaloids for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine could act in this importance, the Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids are the other mysterious role of these kind of secondary metabolites in animals vitality There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloidesanimal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms or animal cells, Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. In this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed.
Key word: plants Alkaloids, animals cell vitality, antimicrobial effects
__________________________________________________________________
1.Introduction: In toadies world use of medicines by the base of plants between the nations and countries have been wide spread and the effect of these kinds of drugs are undeniable but of course it’s better that we show the effect of secondary metabolites compounds and between them ,the alkaloids which synthesizes in plants cells and
shows their dilemmas effect of these kind of secondary metabolites, well according to cells biology and their metabolites , cell s adjust their intra from extra environment in a caution way , these adjustment and regulations applies by use of ions channels (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that behavior and the mobility of ions guarantied the cells vital(Alberts et al.1993). Some of secondary metabolites such as cardiac glycoside in plants, insects and a kind of toads from the family of (Bufonidae) have been discovered, these kinds of secondary metabolites known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin which act as the same way and affect at Na+, K?, ATPas or ion channels and as it clearly shown these ions plays a vital role in order to cells vitality or even at the animals nervous system (Mann, J. 1992).in animals cells most of the cells activities such as endo- exocytose, cells division is by base of microtubules or microfilaments activities in these suit some of Alkaloids such as Colchicines, Maytansin, Taxol, Vinca Alkaloids have the potential of coupling with theme and inhibiter their activities due the cells progress , these expanded domain of activity of plants alkaloids in animals cell and the reason of it should by search in their molecular structure.
2. Discussion & Deliberation of Alkaloids potential: alkaloids have been extracted from and found in ~20% of vascular plants, their Compounds usually basic (alkaline) ~40,000 compounds currently described and Structurally the most diverse class of secondary metabolites and most of them use for medicinal usage like Morphine (painkiller),Vincristine (anticancer agent) , Cocaine (anesthetic, drug of abuse), Caffeine (stimulant) , well its seems that the best describe of this kind of secondary metabolites have been done at 1963 through their chemotaxonomy and by this base they remain in 3 group such as:
Proto alkaloids .3 Pseudo alkaloids .2 Proper alkaloids .1
2.1.1. Proper alkaloid: they also known as true alkaloids we can describe them as the fallow: Basic Nitrogen part of a heterocyclic ring system, Chemically complex, Derived biosynthetically from amino acids, especially the cyclic ,Amino acids: Phe, Tyr, Try, Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica. Small tree found from India to
Northern Australia. Fruit is a large berry with a hard coat and pulpy interior containing 3-5 fleshy grey seeds – contain ~1.2% strychnine, 60mg can kill an adult by the way we can say that the highly potential of it s activity is by the base of it molecular structure( Habermehi, G. 1983, Mann, J. 1992.).
And as we can see strychnine, simply coupled with L-tryptophan one of the most important amino acid in cells vitality (Albert’s ET al.1993).
2.2.2. Pseudo alkaloid: Nitrogen containing (physiologically active) compounds not derived from amino acids, the purine ring is gradually elaborated by piecing together small components from primary metabolism for example caffeine the alkaloids which extracted from coffee
2.2.3. Proto alkaloids: they have physiologically active, Nitrogen atom is outside the ring system and this is the reason for nominated them as proto alkaloids well the alkaloids such as ephedrine or colchicines are one of the good examples of these kinds of alkaloids which play medicinally rolls in the industry of drugs. COLCHISINE the copesetic alkaloid of the Colchicum autumnale plant the family of Liliaceae which sustainability band through
Tubulin in a compeer of 1:1 (the Antimitotic potential) and thus inhibits the assembly of microtubules and as a consequence the meiotic spindle of dividing cells disappear suddenly after colchicines treatment and the chromatids no longer separated but whereas the animal cells die under this condition the plant cells become polyploidy and leads in breeding programs, using this alkaloid as an anticancer because of its Antimitotic potential widespread but after a while because of its damage to cells skeleton colchisin lay away and another alkaloid by the base of it by the name of colcemide use in this aim well this alkaloids because of their
Lipophilicity potential, simply absorb by cells and its clear why the family of colchicum plants are not attack by herbivores (Teuscher E et al.1995).
2.3. The effect of Alkaloids on Neurotransmitter Receptors: the nerve single transduction in the central nervous system and in neuromuscular junction is mediated by receptor proteins residing in the membrane which directly or indirectly coupled with ion channels the neurotransmitters involve include (Alberts et al.1993). among others adrenalin(NA),serotonin, dopamine, histamine, glycine, GABA, and acetylcholine have been deduced to ion channels ,to many plant alkaloids have the similar molecular structure with these neurotransmitters for instance acetylcholine and histamine in sting hairy roots of Urtica or serotonin and dopamine in several species, and the acts can be:
I. The receptor itself through inhibition or overstimulation
II.The enzymes that deactivate neurotransmitters after they have bound to a receptor
III.Transport process, which are important for storage of the neurotransmitters in synaptic
IV.Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of a neurotransmitter (Mothes, K.et al.1985, Robinson, T. A. 1981).
Table I. some of the alkaloids as inhibitors of Neurotransmitters
__________________________________________________________________________________
Enzyme Natural Substrate Alkaloid occurrence (plant)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Acetylcholine esterase Acetylcholine Physostigmine (eserine) Physostigma veneosum
Berberine several papaveracea
Coptisine several papaveracea
Galanthamine several Amaryllidaceae
Chaconine Solanum
Solanine Solanum
Solanidine Solanum
Huperzine A Huperzia srrata
Monoamine oxidase NA. dopamine, Serotonin Harmaline Pegamum
histamine Harmine Peganum
Ephedrine Ephedra
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters’ which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals and as a consequences affected one of them by inheritors or resonators could occasion the vitality of animal cells (Rosenthal, et al.1992).
All animals need to transport nutrients, hormones, ions, signals compounds, O2 and CO2 between the different organs of the body well this achieved in higher animals through blood in the circulatory system.Inhibitorrs of its motor, the heart ,were discussed earlier . But the synthesize of red blood cells is also vulnerable and can inhibited by antimiotic alkaloids , such as vinblastin or colchisin and some allelochemicals have hemolytic properties, such as saponins and steroidal alkaloids , these compounds complex membrane sterls and make cells leaky these effected consequently effected the vitality of animal cells(Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994).
Table II .The Alkaloids which known as inheritors or resonators for nervous signal transmission
________________________________________________________________________________________
Receptor’s Ligand Alkaloids Occurrence(plant)
________________________________________________________________________________________
Acetylcholine receptor Acetylcholine Nicotine Nicotinana, many other plants
C-toxiferine strychnos
Tubocurarine Chondodendron
Cytosine and other QA Several legumes
Lobeline Lobelia
Anabasine Anabasis , Nicotiana
Hyoscyamine (atropine) Atropa, Hysoscyamus, Datura.
Scopolamine Several Solanaceae
Arecoline Areca
Adrenergic receptors Noradrenaline/adrenaline Norlaudanosoline Papaveraceae
Ephedrine, norephedrine Ephedra
________________________________________________________________________________________
Its amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell which its refers to the immunological responds to the plants alkaloids for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine, hypercin , helenalin , Activation or repression of the immune response are certainly targets that were selected during evaluation as an antiherbivore strategy(Luckner et.al.1990).
2.4. Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids:
There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids that protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloids animal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms, protein biosynthesis in ribosome’s is another vulnerable target for plant alkaloids even the stability of biomembranes can be disrobed by steroidal alkaloids(Luckner et.al.1990).
In another view even herbicidal properties or germination inhibition which can be observed in plant-plant interactions, can also proceed via the above mentioned mechanisms but interaction with growth hormones and their metabolites also must be considered (Wagner, H. 1993).
3. Counclusion:
Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses, will be even more compatible in the future. Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. in this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed .In many instance , plants contain mixture of related alkaloids , which only differ for particular substitution patterns well this allelochemical properties are requisite for chemical defense compound in an ecological context for surviving of plants but also constitute the base for their exploitation in medicine or agriculture, well after all of these dilemma situation we should use medicines by the source of plants in a secure and caution way but to many experiments demands through this complicated way.
4. References:
Alberts, B. D., Lewis, J. Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J. D. 1993. .Molecular Biology of the Cell.3rd ed . Garland. New York. Habermehi, G. 1983. Gifttiere and ihre Waffen. Springer. Berlin. Harborne, J. B. 1993. introduction to Eclogical Biochemistry.4 th ed. Academy press. san Diego. Luckner, M. 1990 Secondery Metabolism in Microorganism.Plants and Animals .Springer, Berlin. Luckner, M. 1990. Secondary Metabolism in Microorganisms, Plants and Animal, Springer, Berlin mann,J..1992, Murder,Magic and Medicine.Oxford University Press. London. Mann, J. 1992. Murder Magic and medicine.Oxfordr University press .London. Mothes, K., Schutte, H. R. and Luckner, M. 1985. Biochemistery of Alkaloides .VCH. Weinheim. Robinson, T. A. 1981. The Biochemistry of alkaloids, Springer. Berlin. Rosenthal, G. A. and Berenbaum, M. R. 1992. Herbivores: Theair Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites vol.Academic Press, San Diego. Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994. Biogene Gifte. Fischer. Stuttgart. Urk H, Schipper D, Breedveld GJ, Paul RM, Scheffers WA, van Dijken JP (1989) Biochim Biophys Acta 992: 78 Scopes RK (1989) In: van Unden N (ed), Alcohol toxicity in yeast and bacteria, CRC Press Inc, p. 89 Wagner, H. 1993. Pharmazeutische Biologie . 2. Drogen and ihre Inhalisstoffe, Fisher, Stuttgart. Zhou, G.M. 1980. Studies on useful compounds of Bai-Zhi for healing Yin- Hsieh Ping. Chung-Chen-Yau Res. 4: 33. (In Chinese). Zhou, G.M., C.G. Yu, Y.C. Han, and C.T. Mun. 1988. Studies on Bai-Zhi. IV. The toxicity test of useful compounds. Med. J. China Hospital 8: 220-221. (In Chinese).
By: Ali Parsaeimehr
May
12
How to Establish Physical Contact Within the First Three Minutes
Filed Under Physical Chemistry | Leave a Comment
Whenever you’re on a date or meeting a woman for the first time, you must know how to build attraction. Without it, you won’t be able to rapport or chemistry.
Now one of the best ways to build intimacy between you and a woman is by establishing physical contact. Once you’ve touched a woman, it’s easy to transition into being intimate and perhaps kissing her.
The problem is establishing physical contact with a woman can be hard thing if you just met her.
Fortunately there are a few different tricks you can use that’ll help you break the touching barrier within the first three minutes of meeting a woman. In the next few minutes, I’ll list 5 different ways you can touch a woman in a non-aggressive manner.
Here we go:
Touch her to emphasize a point
When you’re first in a conversation with a woman, you can quickly break the touching barrier by touching her arm to emphasize a point.
So when you’re having a conversation, you should lightly touch her arm or shoulder as a natural part of the conversation. If it comes across as casual, then you’ll be able to break the barrier without appearing to be creepy or too aggressive.
Do a personality test
There are specific personality tests, like palm reading, where you’re required to touch a woman. What I like about using this technique is you’ve established physical contact while demonstrating a skill to a woman. If you can do this as a natural part of a conversation you’ll raise your value and start holding hands with her at the same time!
Play games with her
Playfulness is an important part of all dating conversations. One thing women look for in a man is a great sense of humor. So it’s important to demonstrate you’re a fun and interesting person.
What this means is you should try acting in a playful manner when during your initial conversation. The key point here is to do things that’ll require touching her.
For instance, you should do things like thumb or arm wrestling (make sure you’re doing this in a mock manner). In addition, you can try doing a few funny things that require you to draw on her arm.
Just remember to keep the mood light-hearted and fun!
Cocky/funny techniques
Cocky/funny is a great way to show both a humorous and slightly arrogant attitude. The idea behind this personality is to do a push/pull on her. On moment you’re saying nice things, then you’re being sarcastic and busting your chops.
A lot of cocky/funny can involve physical contact. For instance you can give her a quick high five, shove her lightly on her shoulder when you’re joking around, or give her bump hip check when you walk by her.
Also if you’re walking together, you can fool around and walk her into things.
Just remember that cocky/funny involves a specific kind of attitude. She must understand that you’re having fun and playing, not that you’re an arrogant jerk.
Do chivalrous things
If you’re on a date, there are many ways to establish physical contact while walking with her. For instance, you could open a door and lead her in with your hand on her lower back.
Another technique is to offer your arm as you’re walking into a place.
Finally if you’re walking through a crowd of people, be the first to go through it. Then offer your hand to guide her through.
Establishing physical contact with a woman should be done within the first few minutes. When you do this quickly, you’ll increase your chances of kissing her and making things more intimate.
If you follow the 5 tips I’ve described in this article, you’ll be able to break the touching barrier in a way that’ll increase attraction and interest.
By: Scott Patterson
Now one of the best ways to build intimacy between you and a woman is by establishing physical contact. Once you’ve touched a woman, it’s easy to transition into being intimate and perhaps kissing her.
The problem is establishing physical contact with a woman can be hard thing if you just met her.
Fortunately there are a few different tricks you can use that’ll help you break the touching barrier within the first three minutes of meeting a woman. In the next few minutes, I’ll list 5 different ways you can touch a woman in a non-aggressive manner.
Here we go:
Touch her to emphasize a point
When you’re first in a conversation with a woman, you can quickly break the touching barrier by touching her arm to emphasize a point.
So when you’re having a conversation, you should lightly touch her arm or shoulder as a natural part of the conversation. If it comes across as casual, then you’ll be able to break the barrier without appearing to be creepy or too aggressive.
Do a personality test
There are specific personality tests, like palm reading, where you’re required to touch a woman. What I like about using this technique is you’ve established physical contact while demonstrating a skill to a woman. If you can do this as a natural part of a conversation you’ll raise your value and start holding hands with her at the same time!
Play games with her
Playfulness is an important part of all dating conversations. One thing women look for in a man is a great sense of humor. So it’s important to demonstrate you’re a fun and interesting person.
What this means is you should try acting in a playful manner when during your initial conversation. The key point here is to do things that’ll require touching her.
For instance, you should do things like thumb or arm wrestling (make sure you’re doing this in a mock manner). In addition, you can try doing a few funny things that require you to draw on her arm.
Just remember to keep the mood light-hearted and fun!
Cocky/funny techniques
Cocky/funny is a great way to show both a humorous and slightly arrogant attitude. The idea behind this personality is to do a push/pull on her. On moment you’re saying nice things, then you’re being sarcastic and busting your chops.
A lot of cocky/funny can involve physical contact. For instance you can give her a quick high five, shove her lightly on her shoulder when you’re joking around, or give her bump hip check when you walk by her.
Also if you’re walking together, you can fool around and walk her into things.
Just remember that cocky/funny involves a specific kind of attitude. She must understand that you’re having fun and playing, not that you’re an arrogant jerk.
Do chivalrous things
If you’re on a date, there are many ways to establish physical contact while walking with her. For instance, you could open a door and lead her in with your hand on her lower back.
Another technique is to offer your arm as you’re walking into a place.
Finally if you’re walking through a crowd of people, be the first to go through it. Then offer your hand to guide her through.
Establishing physical contact with a woman should be done within the first few minutes. When you do this quickly, you’ll increase your chances of kissing her and making things more intimate.
If you follow the 5 tips I’ve described in this article, you’ll be able to break the touching barrier in a way that’ll increase attraction and interest.
By: Scott Patterson
May
11
Antioxidant Face Cream - Organic or Not? How You Can Tell
Filed Under Organic Chemistry | Leave a Comment
Organic face cream can have many yummy sounding ingredients. Reading the label will make your mouth water. Honey, oatmeal, apricots and avocado are prominently featured in the names and on the labels of wonderful new products available to nourish your face and body.
The range of products is enormous and growing each day. Thankfully, an organic face cream, if truly organic, will be preservative free and non-allergenic.
Read the Labels
Be sure to read labels carefully as all companies are not as strict about the designation of organic. Choose a product from a line that rejects ingredients with any question marks about their safety.
If you suffer from skin allergies, inflammation or blotchy skin, you may be sensitive to synthetic ingredients that are common in face and body products from major brand name manufacturers. In fact, most brand name cosmetics use the less expensive petroleum based glycerine and fragrances. These are not safe,
Always be inquisitive when choosing a product you apply to your skin. The skin absorbs whatever we put on it and sometimes the body can react badly. Mainly because what we put on our skin can enter our blood stream.
Chamomile, honey and almonds are soothing to irritated skin.
Antioxidant Sources Fight Free Radicals
Natural ingredients such as those derived from fruits, vegetables and nuts can also be a great source of the antioxidants needed by our skin to replenish cells destroyed by free radicals. Organic face cream is a good defense in the fight. Free radicals attempt to gain an electron from natural proteins in our skin to acquire stability. This sets off a chain reaction. The result injures your skin. Don’t worry about the chemistry. Just look for sources of naturally derived antioxidants. Vitamins A, C and E are good examples of these important substances that can neutralize damaging environmental hazards.
However, keep in mind that an antioxidant face cream organic or not, can only do the job if used regularly and gently.
Ingredients to Avoid
The creams you should search out will be made with no refined or bleached oils, mineral oil is frequently found in inferior though many times expensive products. Avoid mineral oil, it can cause chapping and acne. Additionally, organic face cream is not going to have toxic chemical stabilizers or preservatives such as paraben. These compounds have been linked to degenerative diseases, breast cancer and allergies. Stay away from them. You’ll be amazed at how much better you look and feel when your skin is well tended. And the psychological boost of using safe, natural products is not to be minimized either.
Product Popularity Not A Good Guide
As you research and learn about skin care products, pay attention to the science and clinical research. Inhibiting harmful enzymes that break down hyaluronic acid will help your skin to remain moist and supple. Stopping the degradation from environmental causes is very important to your success. Search out companies that understand and explain a process that is a complex biological function not just a marketing opportunity. An oversized advertising budget does not necessarily indicate a large commitment to product development to benefit your skin.
Choose the Natural Organic Way of Life
In our stressful world today many people are choosing a more natural, organic way of life. With the outrageous number of choices we face each time we shop, it is reassuring to have made the decision to choose antioxidant face cream organic ingredients to help narrow the search for quality products.
Choose a Company That Cares More About YOU Than Your Money
Now that you have increased your knowledge of the organic face cream universe, begin today to nourish and protect your largest organ, your skin, with wonderful bountiful ingredients that show your good taste. Always think “is this good enough to eat?” when making the decision about which cream to utilize. The results are worth the time and effort to inform yourself when choosing organic face cream.
By: Margaret Bell
The range of products is enormous and growing each day. Thankfully, an organic face cream, if truly organic, will be preservative free and non-allergenic.
Read the Labels
Be sure to read labels carefully as all companies are not as strict about the designation of organic. Choose a product from a line that rejects ingredients with any question marks about their safety.
If you suffer from skin allergies, inflammation or blotchy skin, you may be sensitive to synthetic ingredients that are common in face and body products from major brand name manufacturers. In fact, most brand name cosmetics use the less expensive petroleum based glycerine and fragrances. These are not safe,
Always be inquisitive when choosing a product you apply to your skin. The skin absorbs whatever we put on it and sometimes the body can react badly. Mainly because what we put on our skin can enter our blood stream.
Chamomile, honey and almonds are soothing to irritated skin.
Antioxidant Sources Fight Free Radicals
Natural ingredients such as those derived from fruits, vegetables and nuts can also be a great source of the antioxidants needed by our skin to replenish cells destroyed by free radicals. Organic face cream is a good defense in the fight. Free radicals attempt to gain an electron from natural proteins in our skin to acquire stability. This sets off a chain reaction. The result injures your skin. Don’t worry about the chemistry. Just look for sources of naturally derived antioxidants. Vitamins A, C and E are good examples of these important substances that can neutralize damaging environmental hazards.
However, keep in mind that an antioxidant face cream organic or not, can only do the job if used regularly and gently.
Ingredients to Avoid
The creams you should search out will be made with no refined or bleached oils, mineral oil is frequently found in inferior though many times expensive products. Avoid mineral oil, it can cause chapping and acne. Additionally, organic face cream is not going to have toxic chemical stabilizers or preservatives such as paraben. These compounds have been linked to degenerative diseases, breast cancer and allergies. Stay away from them. You’ll be amazed at how much better you look and feel when your skin is well tended. And the psychological boost of using safe, natural products is not to be minimized either.
Product Popularity Not A Good Guide
As you research and learn about skin care products, pay attention to the science and clinical research. Inhibiting harmful enzymes that break down hyaluronic acid will help your skin to remain moist and supple. Stopping the degradation from environmental causes is very important to your success. Search out companies that understand and explain a process that is a complex biological function not just a marketing opportunity. An oversized advertising budget does not necessarily indicate a large commitment to product development to benefit your skin.
Choose the Natural Organic Way of Life
In our stressful world today many people are choosing a more natural, organic way of life. With the outrageous number of choices we face each time we shop, it is reassuring to have made the decision to choose antioxidant face cream organic ingredients to help narrow the search for quality products.
Choose a Company That Cares More About YOU Than Your Money
Now that you have increased your knowledge of the organic face cream universe, begin today to nourish and protect your largest organ, your skin, with wonderful bountiful ingredients that show your good taste. Always think “is this good enough to eat?” when making the decision about which cream to utilize. The results are worth the time and effort to inform yourself when choosing organic face cream.
By: Margaret Bell
May
11
Basic Freshwater Aquarium Principles; Filters, Heaters, Bio-cycling, Live Plants, Feeding, Cleaning and Chemistry
Filed Under Organic Chemistry | Leave a Comment
AQUARIUM:
Start with as large an aquarium as you can afford. There is a very BASIC priciple (this only applies to beginners), that is to have 1-2 inches of NARROW bodied fish per FILTERED aquarium gallon. Goldfish are dirty and fatter, so I would triple this with them (3″). This also only applies to a standard rectangular aquarium.
Obviously longer fish need more tank width and length. I would decrease the amount of fish proportional to the gallons in a tall aquarium or hexagon aquarium.
Remember, many fish purchased can grow much larger than your original purchase size (ex: goldfish), so keep this in mind too.
FILTERS:
I always recommend two filters minimum per aquarium for redundancy and for improved biological (denitrifying) filtration. For a small aquarium, a combination of a hang on the back and a sponge filter. Or a sponge filter and an internal power filter. You want to make sure and rinse your sponge or cartridge out in used aquarium water to maintain your beneficial bacteria for bio filtration.
Other filters of note include canister, wet/dry, under gravel, and fluidized bed.
There are four types of filtration:
Biological; the removal of nitrogenous waste (ammonia, ECT), which is the most important type.
Mechanical; the removal of larger debris (organic and inorganic) before it can go through the nitrogen cycle (organic)
Chemical; The removal of chemical contamination via carbon, zeolite or many other products. This becomes less important in a healthy, established aquarium.
Germacidal; The use of UVC or ozone to kill disease pathogens and control the Redox potential.
HEATER:
Most tropical fish do well at a temperature between 76 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. (Discus prefer warmer).
Goldfish do not need a heater.
I recommend 25 watts for every 10 degrees of ambient temperature you need to raise your aquarium temperature. EX: If your home is 68 degrees and you have a 40 gallon aquarium, to reach a temperature of 78 degrees you would need a 100 watt heater.
BIO-CYCLING:
Your aquarium will not be at peak biological filtration for 6 weeks (or more). To start your biological filtration, there are many cycling products available, such “Cycle” by Hagen. My success with these products is mixed at best, it is very difficult for the aerobic bacteria that are needed for cycling your aquarium to live in a sealed container kept at room temperature, as they die very quickly without oxygen.
I prefer to add gravel and/or used filter sponge or cartridge from another aquarium.
This method of adding media is much faster (you still have to take it slow), and provides all the necessary bacteria, the only negative is adding disease pathogens to your aquarium, but I have rarely encountered this problem.
We used this method for our Aquarium Maintenance route for years and never lost a fish to Ammonia or nitrite poisoning.
Another method is fishless cycling where un-scented ammonia is poured into the aquarium (3-5 drops per gallon pure ammonia) so as to bring your ammonia level to 4-5 ppm. Then it takes about 3-8 weeks for the aquarium to cycle. Although this method is growing in popularity, I do not recommend it, not because it does not work (it does), but because human nature is to want to add fish sooner than the 3-8 weeks it takes for this method.
The method of adding media is much faster (you still have to take it slow), and provides all the necessary bacteria, the only negative is adding disease pathogens to your aquarium, but I have rarely encountered this problem.
Cycling is what is referred to as the Nitrogen cycle. Waste (nitrogenous) from the fish is broken down first from ammonia (NH3, the most toxic) to nitrites (NO2, less toxic) to nitrates (NO3, least toxic- but high amounts can stunt fish growth and lower disease resistance).
At a pH of 6.5, NH3 (ammonia) converts to NH4 (ammonia) which is basically non-toxic to most fish (many ammonia removing chemicals to a similar ion change, as they do NOT actually remove ammonia). If you have plants in your aquarium they will directly consume the ammonia (especially hornwort), thus rendering the NO2 (nitrite) part of the nitrogen cycle null. The danger here is if your pH climbs above 6.5 the ammonia can change to much more toxic NH3 and the aerobic bacteria needed for nitrite consumption will be sparse.
For more about th nitrogen cycling, see this article: AQUARIUM NITROGEN CYCLE
LIVE PLANTS:
Live plants are desirable in my opinion, but many artificial plants can look quite realistic when properly arranged or used in conjunction with live plants. For a beginner live plants are more difficult, but not a lot.
The benefits of live plants are they are great at nitrate removal and keep a natural balance to the aquarium, removing CO2 and adding oxygen (only during daylight). Hornwort is an excellent plant for nitrate removal (even ammonia removal), and is relatively easy to grow. Banana plants (when available) are also a very easy plant.
Here is a list of “easy” beginner plants:
Compacta swords, hornwort, Red wendtii, spiral valis, dwarf subulata, Hygro, Java fern regular or lace.
Be careful with many fish that will “mow down” your plants such as: Silver Dollars, most African cichlids, and even goldfish.
For healthy plants I suggest a substrate of #00 sand mixed with laterite about 3-5 cm deep with a layer of #3 gravel on top about 2 cm deep. This combination works well for plant roots, ease of vacuuming the top layer ONLY (where plant roots are), and for better bio filtration. You can substitute laterite with a sandy top soil (although usually not as good a source of iron), by preparing the soil thus; Gather sandy top soil, add water with a 10/1 bleach solution, mix for a couple of minutes, then rinse (with a de-chlorinator for first rinse) until the water runs relatively clear. The sand that is left is what you mix with your plant roots.
FEEDING:
I recommend feeding high quality fish and plant based foods. Quality ingredients include: spirulina, fish meal, FD Brine Shrimp, shrimp meal, Vitamin C & E, lobster shell.
Fish cannot digest proteins from beef well, and fish get most their energy requirements from fats. Some quality foods include: Omega, Spirulina 20, Ocean Nutrition, Hikari, Sanyu.
Feed you fish two to three times per day what they will consume in three minutes.
Feeding foods high in poor quality proteins can increase your nitrate levels, as an essential ingredient in protein is nitrogen, and if unusable by the fish, it is excreted, entering into the nitrogen cycle.
CLEANING:
You should try and have a schedule of changing 20% (or more) of your water every week. I recommend using a gravel vacuum, you need not remove the fish while using a gravel vacuum. Make sure the water you add back in is the same temperature and ph, and has no chlorine or chloramines.
CHEMISTRY:
Keep your ammonia level at 0, your nitrite at 0, your nitrates below 20-30, and your KH above 80 ppm. Ph depends very much on the fish you are keeping. Discus prefer under a ph below 7.0, while Mbuna African cichlids prefer above 8.0
A very general ph of 7.2 -7.5 works for many community fish. Crushed Coral and/or Wonder Shells can help maintain a high pH when you desire an aquarium with a higher pH, KH, & GH, especially where tap or well water is very acidic (Wonder Shells are much faster at dissolving to the desired KH and add electrolytes crushed coral does not!).
For a lower pH in aquariums where the tap water used is very high (usually 7.8 or above), I have used blends of RO (Reverse Osmosis) water and tap water. The ratio varies with the tap water pH, KH, & GH and the water conditions I want to achieve. With Discus it can be as high as 75% RO. Then to maintain these conditions I use peat in my filters. Note that GH does not affect pH, and magnesium (a major ingredient of GH) is important to fish metabolism. Also note that calcium which is the main factor in KH (which does affect pH!) is also important for fish metabolism and fish health and healing. With the above method of using RO (or DI) water in a blend with tap water and peat, I have still been able to maintain a KH above 80 ppm (for proper calcium absorption), sometimes with additives such Wonder Shells or Calcium Polygluconate.
CONCLUSION:
This is only very general information, there is much more in depth articles about each of these subjects and more available. But these are sound principles to follow, based on 27+ years of aquarium maintenance experience. As new and better methods become available, I regularly update my information to reflect this.
For my more in depth full article:
Aquarium Information
By: Carl Strohmeyer
Start with as large an aquarium as you can afford. There is a very BASIC priciple (this only applies to beginners), that is to have 1-2 inches of NARROW bodied fish per FILTERED aquarium gallon. Goldfish are dirty and fatter, so I would triple this with them (3″). This also only applies to a standard rectangular aquarium.
Obviously longer fish need more tank width and length. I would decrease the amount of fish proportional to the gallons in a tall aquarium or hexagon aquarium.
Remember, many fish purchased can grow much larger than your original purchase size (ex: goldfish), so keep this in mind too.
FILTERS:
I always recommend two filters minimum per aquarium for redundancy and for improved biological (denitrifying) filtration. For a small aquarium, a combination of a hang on the back and a sponge filter. Or a sponge filter and an internal power filter. You want to make sure and rinse your sponge or cartridge out in used aquarium water to maintain your beneficial bacteria for bio filtration.
Other filters of note include canister, wet/dry, under gravel, and fluidized bed.
There are four types of filtration:
Biological; the removal of nitrogenous waste (ammonia, ECT), which is the most important type.
Mechanical; the removal of larger debris (organic and inorganic) before it can go through the nitrogen cycle (organic)
Chemical; The removal of chemical contamination via carbon, zeolite or many other products. This becomes less important in a healthy, established aquarium.
Germacidal; The use of UVC or ozone to kill disease pathogens and control the Redox potential.
HEATER:
Most tropical fish do well at a temperature between 76 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. (Discus prefer warmer).
Goldfish do not need a heater.
I recommend 25 watts for every 10 degrees of ambient temperature you need to raise your aquarium temperature. EX: If your home is 68 degrees and you have a 40 gallon aquarium, to reach a temperature of 78 degrees you would need a 100 watt heater.
BIO-CYCLING:
Your aquarium will not be at peak biological filtration for 6 weeks (or more). To start your biological filtration, there are many cycling products available, such “Cycle” by Hagen. My success with these products is mixed at best, it is very difficult for the aerobic bacteria that are needed for cycling your aquarium to live in a sealed container kept at room temperature, as they die very quickly without oxygen.
I prefer to add gravel and/or used filter sponge or cartridge from another aquarium.
This method of adding media is much faster (you still have to take it slow), and provides all the necessary bacteria, the only negative is adding disease pathogens to your aquarium, but I have rarely encountered this problem.
We used this method for our Aquarium Maintenance route for years and never lost a fish to Ammonia or nitrite poisoning.
Another method is fishless cycling where un-scented ammonia is poured into the aquarium (3-5 drops per gallon pure ammonia) so as to bring your ammonia level to 4-5 ppm. Then it takes about 3-8 weeks for the aquarium to cycle. Although this method is growing in popularity, I do not recommend it, not because it does not work (it does), but because human nature is to want to add fish sooner than the 3-8 weeks it takes for this method.
The method of adding media is much faster (you still have to take it slow), and provides all the necessary bacteria, the only negative is adding disease pathogens to your aquarium, but I have rarely encountered this problem.
Cycling is what is referred to as the Nitrogen cycle. Waste (nitrogenous) from the fish is broken down first from ammonia (NH3, the most toxic) to nitrites (NO2, less toxic) to nitrates (NO3, least toxic- but high amounts can stunt fish growth and lower disease resistance).
At a pH of 6.5, NH3 (ammonia) converts to NH4 (ammonia) which is basically non-toxic to most fish (many ammonia removing chemicals to a similar ion change, as they do NOT actually remove ammonia). If you have plants in your aquarium they will directly consume the ammonia (especially hornwort), thus rendering the NO2 (nitrite) part of the nitrogen cycle null. The danger here is if your pH climbs above 6.5 the ammonia can change to much more toxic NH3 and the aerobic bacteria needed for nitrite consumption will be sparse.
For more about th nitrogen cycling, see this article: AQUARIUM NITROGEN CYCLE
LIVE PLANTS:
Live plants are desirable in my opinion, but many artificial plants can look quite realistic when properly arranged or used in conjunction with live plants. For a beginner live plants are more difficult, but not a lot.
The benefits of live plants are they are great at nitrate removal and keep a natural balance to the aquarium, removing CO2 and adding oxygen (only during daylight). Hornwort is an excellent plant for nitrate removal (even ammonia removal), and is relatively easy to grow. Banana plants (when available) are also a very easy plant.
Here is a list of “easy” beginner plants:
Compacta swords, hornwort, Red wendtii, spiral valis, dwarf subulata, Hygro, Java fern regular or lace.
Be careful with many fish that will “mow down” your plants such as: Silver Dollars, most African cichlids, and even goldfish.
For healthy plants I suggest a substrate of #00 sand mixed with laterite about 3-5 cm deep with a layer of #3 gravel on top about 2 cm deep. This combination works well for plant roots, ease of vacuuming the top layer ONLY (where plant roots are), and for better bio filtration. You can substitute laterite with a sandy top soil (although usually not as good a source of iron), by preparing the soil thus; Gather sandy top soil, add water with a 10/1 bleach solution, mix for a couple of minutes, then rinse (with a de-chlorinator for first rinse) until the water runs relatively clear. The sand that is left is what you mix with your plant roots.
FEEDING:
I recommend feeding high quality fish and plant based foods. Quality ingredients include: spirulina, fish meal, FD Brine Shrimp, shrimp meal, Vitamin C & E, lobster shell.
Fish cannot digest proteins from beef well, and fish get most their energy requirements from fats. Some quality foods include: Omega, Spirulina 20, Ocean Nutrition, Hikari, Sanyu.
Feed you fish two to three times per day what they will consume in three minutes.
Feeding foods high in poor quality proteins can increase your nitrate levels, as an essential ingredient in protein is nitrogen, and if unusable by the fish, it is excreted, entering into the nitrogen cycle.
CLEANING:
You should try and have a schedule of changing 20% (or more) of your water every week. I recommend using a gravel vacuum, you need not remove the fish while using a gravel vacuum. Make sure the water you add back in is the same temperature and ph, and has no chlorine or chloramines.
CHEMISTRY:
Keep your ammonia level at 0, your nitrite at 0, your nitrates below 20-30, and your KH above 80 ppm. Ph depends very much on the fish you are keeping. Discus prefer under a ph below 7.0, while Mbuna African cichlids prefer above 8.0
A very general ph of 7.2 -7.5 works for many community fish. Crushed Coral and/or Wonder Shells can help maintain a high pH when you desire an aquarium with a higher pH, KH, & GH, especially where tap or well water is very acidic (Wonder Shells are much faster at dissolving to the desired KH and add electrolytes crushed coral does not!).
For a lower pH in aquariums where the tap water used is very high (usually 7.8 or above), I have used blends of RO (Reverse Osmosis) water and tap water. The ratio varies with the tap water pH, KH, & GH and the water conditions I want to achieve. With Discus it can be as high as 75% RO. Then to maintain these conditions I use peat in my filters. Note that GH does not affect pH, and magnesium (a major ingredient of GH) is important to fish metabolism. Also note that calcium which is the main factor in KH (which does affect pH!) is also important for fish metabolism and fish health and healing. With the above method of using RO (or DI) water in a blend with tap water and peat, I have still been able to maintain a KH above 80 ppm (for proper calcium absorption), sometimes with additives such Wonder Shells or Calcium Polygluconate.
CONCLUSION:
This is only very general information, there is much more in depth articles about each of these subjects and more available. But these are sound principles to follow, based on 27+ years of aquarium maintenance experience. As new and better methods become available, I regularly update my information to reflect this.
For my more in depth full article:
Aquarium Information
By: Carl Strohmeyer
May
7
The world in which we live is a chemical world. Our own body is a complex chemical factory that uses chemical processes to change the food we eat and the air we breathe into bones, muscle, blood, and tissues and even into the energy that we use in our daily living. When illness prevents some part of these processes from functioning correctly, the doctor may prescribe as a medicine a chemical compound, either isolated from nature or prepared in a chemical laboratory by a chemist. The world around us is also a vast chemical laboratory. The daily news is filled with reports of acid rain, toxic wastes, the risks associated with nuclear power plants, and the derailment of trains, trucks etc. carrying substances such as vinyl chloride, sulfuric acid, and ammonia. However, not all chemical news is of disasters. The daily news also carries stories (often in smaller headlines) of new drugs that cure old diseases; of fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides designed by chemists to allow the farmers to feed our growing populations and of other new products to make our lives more pleasant. The packages we buy at the grocery store list their contents, including what chemicals a package contains, such as preservatives, and the nutritional contents in terms of vitamins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. In fact our everyday life is besieged with chemicals.
A pure substance consists of a single kind of matter. It always has the same composition and the same set of properties. For example, baking soda is a single kind of matter, known chemically as sodium hydrogen carbonate. A sample of pure baking soda, regardless of its source or size, will be white solid containing 57.1% sodium, 1.2% hydrogen, 14.3% carbon, and 27.4% oxygen. The sample will dissolve in water. When heated to 270°C the sample will decompose, giving off carbon dioxide and water vapor and leaving a residue of sodium carbonate. Thus, by definition, baking soda is a pure substance because it has a constant composition and a unique set of properties that hold true for any sample of baking soda. These properties are the kinds in which we are interested. The word pure means a single substance, not a mixture of substances and the term pure also means “fit for human consumption.” Milk, whether whole, 2% fat, or skim, may be pure (fit for human consumption) by public health standards, but it is not pure in the chemical sense. Milk is a mixture of a great many substances, including water, butterfat, proteins, and sugars. Each of these substances is present in different amounts in each of the different kinds of milk.
A mixture consists of two or more pure substances. Most of the matter we see around us is composed of mixtures. Seawater contains dissolved salts; river water contains suspended mud; hard water contains salts of calcium, magnesium, and iron. Both seawater and river water also contain dissolved oxygen, without which fish and other aquatic life could not survive. Unlike the constant composition of a simple substance, the composition of a mixture can be changed. The properties of the mixture depend on the percentage of each pure substance in it.
Steel is an example of a mixture. All steel starts with the pure substance iron. Refiners then add varying percentages of carbon, nickel, chromium, vanadium, or other substances to obtain steels of a desired hardness, tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and so on. The properties of a particular type of steel depend not only on which substances are mixed with the iron but also on the relative percentage of each of the constituents. One type of chromium-nickel steel contains 0.6% chromium and 1.25% nickel. Its surface is easily hardened, a property that makes it valuable in the manufacture of automobile gears, pistons, and transmissions. The stainless steel used in the manufacture of surgical instruments, food-processing equipments, and kitchen wares is also a mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel; it contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Steel with this composition can be polished to a very smooth surface and is very resistant to rusting.
We can often tell from the appearance of a sample whether it is a pure substance or mixture. For example, if river water is clouded with mud or silt particles, we know it is a mixture. If a layer of brown haze lies over a city, we know the atmosphere is mixed with pollutants. However, the appearance of a sample is not always sufficient evidence by which to judge its composition. A sample of matter may look pure without being so. For instance, air looks like a pure substance but it is actually a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases. Rubbing alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid that looks pure but is actually a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water, both of which are clear, colorless liquids. As another example, we cannot look at a piece of metal and know whether it is pure iron or a mixture of iron with some other substance such as chromium or nickel.
Each kind of matter possesses a number of properties by which it can be identified. These properties fall into two large categories: (1) physical properties, those that can be observed without changing the composition of the sample, and (2) chemical properties, those whose observation involves a change in composition. Baking soda dissolves readily in water. If water is evaporated from a solution of baking soda, the baking soda is recovered unchanged; thus, solubility is a physical property. However, the decomposition of baking soda on heating is a chemical property. We can observe the decomposition of baking soda, but, after we make this observation, we no longer have baking soda. Instead we have carbon dioxide, water, and sodium carbonate. While, a physical change alters only physical properties, such as size and shape, a chemical change alters chemical properties, such as composition.
This discussion of properties points to another difference between pure substances and mixtures. A mixture can be separated into its components by differences in their physical properties. For example, a mixture of salt and sand can be separated because salt dissolves in water but sand does not. If we add water to a salt-sand mixture, the salt will dissolve, leaving the sand at the bottom of the container. If we pour off the water, the sand will remain. If we boil off the water from the salt solution, we will get the salt by itself. We have separated the two components of the mixture by a difference in their ability to dissolve in water. Thus solubility is a physical property.
Pure substances, on the other hand, can be separated into their components only by chemical changes. For example, when added to water, the pure substance sodium bicarbonate does not separate into sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, although these components of sodium bicarbonate differ greatly in their solubilities in water. One of the important physical properties of a substance is its physical state at room temperature. The three physical states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. Most kinds of matter can exist in all three states. We are familiar with water as a solid (ice), a liquid, and a gas (steam). We have seen wax as a solid at room temperature and a liquid when heated. We also know that carbon dioxide exists as a solid (dry ice) too and we are aware of it as a colorless gas at higher temperatures.
The temperatures at which a given kind of matter changes from a solid to a liquid (its melting point) or from a liquid to a gas (its boiling point) are physical properties. For example, the melting point of ice (0°C) and the boiling point of water (100°C) are physical properties of the substance water. Like pure substances, mixtures can exist in the three physical states of solid, liquid, and gas. Air is a gaseous mixture of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and varying percentages of several other gases. Rubbing alcohol is a liquid mixture of approximately 70% isopropyl alcohol and 30% water. Steel is a solid mixture of iron and other pure substances.
By: Dr.Badruddin Khan
A pure substance consists of a single kind of matter. It always has the same composition and the same set of properties. For example, baking soda is a single kind of matter, known chemically as sodium hydrogen carbonate. A sample of pure baking soda, regardless of its source or size, will be white solid containing 57.1% sodium, 1.2% hydrogen, 14.3% carbon, and 27.4% oxygen. The sample will dissolve in water. When heated to 270°C the sample will decompose, giving off carbon dioxide and water vapor and leaving a residue of sodium carbonate. Thus, by definition, baking soda is a pure substance because it has a constant composition and a unique set of properties that hold true for any sample of baking soda. These properties are the kinds in which we are interested. The word pure means a single substance, not a mixture of substances and the term pure also means “fit for human consumption.” Milk, whether whole, 2% fat, or skim, may be pure (fit for human consumption) by public health standards, but it is not pure in the chemical sense. Milk is a mixture of a great many substances, including water, butterfat, proteins, and sugars. Each of these substances is present in different amounts in each of the different kinds of milk.
A mixture consists of two or more pure substances. Most of the matter we see around us is composed of mixtures. Seawater contains dissolved salts; river water contains suspended mud; hard water contains salts of calcium, magnesium, and iron. Both seawater and river water also contain dissolved oxygen, without which fish and other aquatic life could not survive. Unlike the constant composition of a simple substance, the composition of a mixture can be changed. The properties of the mixture depend on the percentage of each pure substance in it.
Steel is an example of a mixture. All steel starts with the pure substance iron. Refiners then add varying percentages of carbon, nickel, chromium, vanadium, or other substances to obtain steels of a desired hardness, tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and so on. The properties of a particular type of steel depend not only on which substances are mixed with the iron but also on the relative percentage of each of the constituents. One type of chromium-nickel steel contains 0.6% chromium and 1.25% nickel. Its surface is easily hardened, a property that makes it valuable in the manufacture of automobile gears, pistons, and transmissions. The stainless steel used in the manufacture of surgical instruments, food-processing equipments, and kitchen wares is also a mixture of iron, chromium, and nickel; it contains 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Steel with this composition can be polished to a very smooth surface and is very resistant to rusting.
We can often tell from the appearance of a sample whether it is a pure substance or mixture. For example, if river water is clouded with mud or silt particles, we know it is a mixture. If a layer of brown haze lies over a city, we know the atmosphere is mixed with pollutants. However, the appearance of a sample is not always sufficient evidence by which to judge its composition. A sample of matter may look pure without being so. For instance, air looks like a pure substance but it is actually a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases. Rubbing alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid that looks pure but is actually a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water, both of which are clear, colorless liquids. As another example, we cannot look at a piece of metal and know whether it is pure iron or a mixture of iron with some other substance such as chromium or nickel.
Each kind of matter possesses a number of properties by which it can be identified. These properties fall into two large categories: (1) physical properties, those that can be observed without changing the composition of the sample, and (2) chemical properties, those whose observation involves a change in composition. Baking soda dissolves readily in water. If water is evaporated from a solution of baking soda, the baking soda is recovered unchanged; thus, solubility is a physical property. However, the decomposition of baking soda on heating is a chemical property. We can observe the decomposition of baking soda, but, after we make this observation, we no longer have baking soda. Instead we have carbon dioxide, water, and sodium carbonate. While, a physical change alters only physical properties, such as size and shape, a chemical change alters chemical properties, such as composition.
This discussion of properties points to another difference between pure substances and mixtures. A mixture can be separated into its components by differences in their physical properties. For example, a mixture of salt and sand can be separated because salt dissolves in water but sand does not. If we add water to a salt-sand mixture, the salt will dissolve, leaving the sand at the bottom of the container. If we pour off the water, the sand will remain. If we boil off the water from the salt solution, we will get the salt by itself. We have separated the two components of the mixture by a difference in their ability to dissolve in water. Thus solubility is a physical property.
Pure substances, on the other hand, can be separated into their components only by chemical changes. For example, when added to water, the pure substance sodium bicarbonate does not separate into sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, although these components of sodium bicarbonate differ greatly in their solubilities in water. One of the important physical properties of a substance is its physical state at room temperature. The three physical states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. Most kinds of matter can exist in all three states. We are familiar with water as a solid (ice), a liquid, and a gas (steam). We have seen wax as a solid at room temperature and a liquid when heated. We also know that carbon dioxide exists as a solid (dry ice) too and we are aware of it as a colorless gas at higher temperatures.
The temperatures at which a given kind of matter changes from a solid to a liquid (its melting point) or from a liquid to a gas (its boiling point) are physical properties. For example, the melting point of ice (0°C) and the boiling point of water (100°C) are physical properties of the substance water. Like pure substances, mixtures can exist in the three physical states of solid, liquid, and gas. Air is a gaseous mixture of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and varying percentages of several other gases. Rubbing alcohol is a liquid mixture of approximately 70% isopropyl alcohol and 30% water. Steel is a solid mixture of iron and other pure substances.
By: Dr.Badruddin Khan
May
3
Find Physical Therapy Colleges in the United States and Canada. Depending on the course of study in which you choose to enroll, the majority of physical therapy colleges offer a variety of certificate, diploma and/or degree programs.
For starters, many physical therapy colleges offer Doctoral and Master’s programs to students who have met certain prerequisites, including a Bachelor’s degree in related sciences. These comprehensive programs include coursework in human anatomy, kinesiology, functional training, exercise, growth and development, prevention and intervention, psychosocial studies, orthotics and prosthetics, pharmacology, clinical orthopedics, electrotherapeutic modalities, rehabilitation, joint examination, and of course, physical therapies; among other associated subject matter.
More advanced training in physical therapy colleges may entail over four years of training; however, simpler diploma and/or certificate programs at physical therapy colleges may be completed in under two years’ time.
Bachelor degree programs in physical therapy colleges involve in-depth studies as well. In this typical course of study, students will learn about biomechanics, massage, anatomy, pharmacology, and other clinical sciences like orthopedics, clinical medicine and neurology, and other relative training. Once again, bachelor degree programs in physical therapy will take about four years for completion.
Associate degree programs at physical therapy colleges are excellent for candidates wishing to become a physical therapy assistant. While curriculums vary from school to school, general curricula include studies in anatomy, physiology, biology, chemistry, as well as psychology. In most instances, these and other physical therapist educational programs at physical therapy colleges provide training and certification in basic first aid and CPR. Furthermore, while training and education are essential to both physical therapists and physical therapist aides, the most important skills are often learned through internships and through additional on-the-job training.
If you (or someone you know) are interested in finding physical therapy colleges, let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.
Physical Therapy Colleges: Programs of Study
© Copyright 2007
The CollegeBound Network
All Rights Reserved
NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.
By: Steven Parbach
For starters, many physical therapy colleges offer Doctoral and Master’s programs to students who have met certain prerequisites, including a Bachelor’s degree in related sciences. These comprehensive programs include coursework in human anatomy, kinesiology, functional training, exercise, growth and development, prevention and intervention, psychosocial studies, orthotics and prosthetics, pharmacology, clinical orthopedics, electrotherapeutic modalities, rehabilitation, joint examination, and of course, physical therapies; among other associated subject matter.
More advanced training in physical therapy colleges may entail over four years of training; however, simpler diploma and/or certificate programs at physical therapy colleges may be completed in under two years’ time.
Bachelor degree programs in physical therapy colleges involve in-depth studies as well. In this typical course of study, students will learn about biomechanics, massage, anatomy, pharmacology, and other clinical sciences like orthopedics, clinical medicine and neurology, and other relative training. Once again, bachelor degree programs in physical therapy will take about four years for completion.
Associate degree programs at physical therapy colleges are excellent for candidates wishing to become a physical therapy assistant. While curriculums vary from school to school, general curricula include studies in anatomy, physiology, biology, chemistry, as well as psychology. In most instances, these and other physical therapist educational programs at physical therapy colleges provide training and certification in basic first aid and CPR. Furthermore, while training and education are essential to both physical therapists and physical therapist aides, the most important skills are often learned through internships and through additional on-the-job training.
If you (or someone you know) are interested in finding physical therapy colleges, let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.
Physical Therapy Colleges: Programs of Study
© Copyright 2007
The CollegeBound Network
All Rights Reserved
NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.
By: Steven Parbach
May
2
Physical Therapy Schools
Filed Under Physical Chemistry | Leave a Comment
Find Physical Therapy Schools in the United States and Canada. Physical therapy schools administer course instruction to potential physical therapists. Physical therapy schools help students to meet physical therapy requirements and the ability to pass a licensure exam before physical therapists can begin to practice. Physical therapy schools offer accredited physical therapist educational programs that may include masters’ degrees, and doctoral degrees.
Physical Therapy Schools incorporate course instruction of biology, chemistry and physics. Physical therapy schools further give instruction on biomechanics, neuroanatomy, human growth and development, disease manifestations, examination techniques, and therapeutic procedures. Physical therapy schools also utilize classroom, laboratory and clinical instruction.
When applying for enrollment in one of the many physical therapy schools, it is wise to have had previous school instruction courses on anatomy, biology, chemistry, social sciences, mathematics and physics. Like occupational therapy, physical therapy schools prefer students to have volunteered or worked in a medical facility.
Once successful graduates of physical therapy schools have obtained their license to practice (All states require physical therapists to pass a licensure exam.1), professional physical therapists can expect to attain gainful employment in the medical health care field. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, practicing physical therapists, who have been effectively trained in one of several physical therapy schools can anticipate a lucrative earning range from $42k - $71k annually.
If you are interested in this particular field of study and to obtain information about physical therapy schools in your area, please see our vocational schools directory today at holisticjunction.com!
Find your dream job! Let education within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.
References:
1. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Physical Therapy Schools
© Copyright 2007
The CollegeBound Network
All Rights Reserved
NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.
By: Steven Parbach
Physical Therapy Schools incorporate course instruction of biology, chemistry and physics. Physical therapy schools further give instruction on biomechanics, neuroanatomy, human growth and development, disease manifestations, examination techniques, and therapeutic procedures. Physical therapy schools also utilize classroom, laboratory and clinical instruction.
When applying for enrollment in one of the many physical therapy schools, it is wise to have had previous school instruction courses on anatomy, biology, chemistry, social sciences, mathematics and physics. Like occupational therapy, physical therapy schools prefer students to have volunteered or worked in a medical facility.
Once successful graduates of physical therapy schools have obtained their license to practice (All states require physical therapists to pass a licensure exam.1), professional physical therapists can expect to attain gainful employment in the medical health care field. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, practicing physical therapists, who have been effectively trained in one of several physical therapy schools can anticipate a lucrative earning range from $42k - $71k annually.
If you are interested in this particular field of study and to obtain information about physical therapy schools in your area, please see our vocational schools directory today at holisticjunction.com!
Find your dream job! Let education within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.
References:
1. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Physical Therapy Schools
© Copyright 2007
The CollegeBound Network
All Rights Reserved
NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.
By: Steven Parbach