Apr
29
Fluorinated Compounds Applied to Medicinal Chemistry
Filed Under Organic Chemistry | Leave a Comment
with this project our great attention is focused on the fluorinated materials and their application of Medicinal chemistry .The small and highly electronegative fluorine atom can play a remarkable role in medicinal chemistry. Selective installation of fluorine into a therapeutic or diagnostic small molecule candidate can enhance a number of pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties such as improved metabolic stability and enhanced membrane permeation. Increased binding affinity of fluorinated drug candidates to target protein has also been documented in a number of cases. A further emerging application of the fluorine atom is the use of Fluroine-18 as a radiolabel tracer atom in the exquisitely sensitive technique of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. This short review aims to bring together these various aspects of the use of fluorine in medicinal chemistry applications, citing selected examples from across a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic settings. The increasingly routine incorporation of fluorine atom(s) into drug candidates suggests a bright future for fluorine in drug discovery and development. A major challenge moving forward will be how and where to install fluorine in a rational sense to best optimise molecular properties.
compounds of fluorine, including sodium fluoride (NaF), stannous fluoride (SnF2) and sodium MFP, are used in toothpaste to prevent dental cavities. These compounds are also added to municipal water supplies, a process called water fluoridation, though a number of health concerns has sometimes led to controversy.
Many important agents for general anaesthesia such as sevoflurane, desflurane, and isoflurane are hydro fluorocarbon derivatives.
The fluorinated anti-inflammatory dexamethasone and triamcinolone are among the most potent of the synthetic corticosteroids class of drugs. Fludrocortisone (”Florinef”) is one of the most common mineral corticoids, a class of drugs which mimics the actions of aldosterone.
Fluconazole is a triazole antifungal drug used in the treatment and prevention of superficial and systemic fungal infections. Fluoroquinolones are a family of broad-spectrum antibiotics. SSRI antidepressants, except in a few instances, are fluorinated molecules. These include citalopram, escitalopram oxalate,fluoxetine,fluvoxamine maleate, and paroxetine.
A notable exception is sertraline. Because of the difficulty of biological systems in dealing with metabolism of fluorinated molecules, fluorinated antibiotics and antidepressants are among the major fluorinated organics found in treated city sewage and wastewater. 18F, a radioactive isotope that emits positrons, is often used in positron emission tomography, because its half-life of 110 minutes is long by the standards of positron-emitters.
Many new agricultural and pharmaceutical active ingredients contain F atoms at strategic positions. A reason for this is the fact that the replacement of hydrogen by fluorine (isosteric substitution) or of hydroxyl groups by fluorine (is polar substitution) very often leads to an improvement in the activity. The selective introduction of fluorine into organic molecules has therefore become a very important task in modern chemistry. Although the introduction of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride and other reagents in this class of compounds has achieved a breakthrough in the field of nucleophilic fluorination, there is a further need for safe, mild and efficient electrophilic fluorinating agents.
Most of such electrophilic reagents, such as perchloryl fluoride, trifluoromethyl hypo fluoride, CsSO4 F, etc, are toxic and very aggressive chemicals with which explosions are not infrequently observed. Furthermore, the storage stability of such materials is very limited. “F.sym.” reagents based on N-F-containing compounds have been investigated very intensively, since some of these materials have proven to be readily isolable, storage-stable and efficient fluorinating agents. The first experiments in this direction were carried out using perfluoro-N-fluoropiperidine (A) (J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1988, 2805). However, owing to the complicated synthesis (yield max. 13%) and the side reaction during fluorination, this compound is not of interest for practical purposes. Other known N-F fluorinating agents are N-fluoropyridin-2-(1H)one (B) (J. Org. Chem. 1983, 43, 761), N-fluorosulfonamides (C) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,479,901, 4,828,764, DE 36 23 184 A); camphor N-fluorosultam (D) (Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 6087)
N-alkyl radical, an HF elimination can very easily occur as a side reaction. In the case of N-alkyl radicals which possess no hydrogen atoms in the a position., e.g. a t-butyl group, the yield in the preparation of
the NF compound is very small. Although the charged systems (H), (F) are very efficient fluorinating agents, a decisive disadvantage of these systems is their limited solubility in the usual organic solvents. F-Teda
(H) additionally has the disadvantage that a Hofmann elimination often takes place in the case of this quaternary ammonium salt. This is a particular problem in the fluorination of strong carbanions.
There is therefore a great need for an electrophilic fluorinating agent which does not have the disadvantages described, can be easily prepared from readily available starting materials and possesses a high storage
stability.
The strength of weak interactions: aromatic fluorine in drug design.
Selective aromatic fluorine substitution can increase the affinity of a molecule for a macromolecular recognition site through non-covalent interactions. These effects are evaluated most accurately by direct comparison of binding affinities of selectively fluorinated compounds with their corresponding hydrocarbons. In cases where structural data confirm similar binding geometries for the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon analogues, reliable estimates for the impact of fluorination upon arene-pi…X and C-F…X interaction energies are possible. Existing studies show that fluorination’s impact on any individual molecular interaction is quite modest. Upon binding to a protein receptor, cumulative fluorinated aromatic quadrupolar and C-F…X dipolar interaction energies rarely differ from those the corresponding hydrocarbons by more than 1.3 kcal/mol, and most individual interactions appear to be in the 0.1-0.4 kcal/mol range. Similarly, non-ideal selective fluorination is rarely associated with a dramatic decrease in affinity, because the impact of weak repulsive interactions in the bound state is counterbalanced by increased lipophilicity.
.
Perfluoroethers and perfluoropolyethers as artificial blood
1. Due their grater chain mobility and also due to their greater chemical affinity for
perfluoroethers and perfluoropolyethers O2 are more efficient in delivering
“acceptable” (quantities not disclosed) concentrations of O2 both in laboratory
animals and clinical testing on humans.
2. Furthermore, due to their greater solubility in aqueous solutions, perfluoroethers and
perfluoropolyethers don’t require emulsifiers thus simplifying the “artificial blood”
composition.
3. A specific experimental example developed by the ASP school coordinated by Prof.
Walter Navarrini of this Polytechnical Institute is CF3OCF2CF2OCF3 (b.p. = 20°C).
Other fluorine-containing drugs
It has been shown that fluorinated analogues of naturally occurring biologically active compounds
including amino acids, often exhibit unique physiological activity. Fluorination of natural hormones can lead to molecules with new pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic properties. For example the introduction of fluorine into corticosteroids has a dramatic effect on their metabolism (Bush and Mahesh 1964). Because the metabolism of steroid hormones is very important for their physiological activities, the exchange of a hydrogen atom under fluorine atom can be very meaningful. Also other endogenous compounds markedly exchange their biological properties, if one or more fluorine atoms are installed into their molecule. For example, the potent platelet aggregating agent thromboxane A2 has a half-life in vivo of only 32 seconds.
Incorporation of two fluorine atoms into the oxetane ring of thromboxane A2 reduces the rate of carbonium ion formation and acid hydrolysis, so that 7,7-difluoro-thromboxane A2 has a rate of hydrolysis 108-fold slower than the natural substance (Fried et al. 1984). Likewise prostacyclin, which is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, has a very short biological half-life. Fluorination improves the stability of the molecule toward acid hydrolysis and the stability in organisms. Thus 10,10-difluoro-13-dehydroprostacyclin exhibits a half-life 150 times, and has equal potency to, the natural compound (Fried et al. 1980). Cerivastatin, a fluorinated drug from the statin class, which had caused deaths and serious adverse health effects was withdrawn from the market in 2001 ( Furberg and Pitt 2001). It had been linked to at least 31 deaths. Cerivastatin also induced muscle destruction (rhabdomyolysis) and displayed compounded toxicity when used with other drugs.
.
By: kalyan kumar dhar
compounds of fluorine, including sodium fluoride (NaF), stannous fluoride (SnF2) and sodium MFP, are used in toothpaste to prevent dental cavities. These compounds are also added to municipal water supplies, a process called water fluoridation, though a number of health concerns has sometimes led to controversy.
Many important agents for general anaesthesia such as sevoflurane, desflurane, and isoflurane are hydro fluorocarbon derivatives.
The fluorinated anti-inflammatory dexamethasone and triamcinolone are among the most potent of the synthetic corticosteroids class of drugs. Fludrocortisone (”Florinef”) is one of the most common mineral corticoids, a class of drugs which mimics the actions of aldosterone.
Fluconazole is a triazole antifungal drug used in the treatment and prevention of superficial and systemic fungal infections. Fluoroquinolones are a family of broad-spectrum antibiotics. SSRI antidepressants, except in a few instances, are fluorinated molecules. These include citalopram, escitalopram oxalate,fluoxetine,fluvoxamine maleate, and paroxetine.
A notable exception is sertraline. Because of the difficulty of biological systems in dealing with metabolism of fluorinated molecules, fluorinated antibiotics and antidepressants are among the major fluorinated organics found in treated city sewage and wastewater. 18F, a radioactive isotope that emits positrons, is often used in positron emission tomography, because its half-life of 110 minutes is long by the standards of positron-emitters.
Many new agricultural and pharmaceutical active ingredients contain F atoms at strategic positions. A reason for this is the fact that the replacement of hydrogen by fluorine (isosteric substitution) or of hydroxyl groups by fluorine (is polar substitution) very often leads to an improvement in the activity. The selective introduction of fluorine into organic molecules has therefore become a very important task in modern chemistry. Although the introduction of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride and other reagents in this class of compounds has achieved a breakthrough in the field of nucleophilic fluorination, there is a further need for safe, mild and efficient electrophilic fluorinating agents.
Most of such electrophilic reagents, such as perchloryl fluoride, trifluoromethyl hypo fluoride, CsSO4 F, etc, are toxic and very aggressive chemicals with which explosions are not infrequently observed. Furthermore, the storage stability of such materials is very limited. “F.sym.” reagents based on N-F-containing compounds have been investigated very intensively, since some of these materials have proven to be readily isolable, storage-stable and efficient fluorinating agents. The first experiments in this direction were carried out using perfluoro-N-fluoropiperidine (A) (J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 1988, 2805). However, owing to the complicated synthesis (yield max. 13%) and the side reaction during fluorination, this compound is not of interest for practical purposes. Other known N-F fluorinating agents are N-fluoropyridin-2-(1H)one (B) (J. Org. Chem. 1983, 43, 761), N-fluorosulfonamides (C) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,479,901, 4,828,764, DE 36 23 184 A); camphor N-fluorosultam (D) (Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 6087)
N-alkyl radical, an HF elimination can very easily occur as a side reaction. In the case of N-alkyl radicals which possess no hydrogen atoms in the a position., e.g. a t-butyl group, the yield in the preparation of
the NF compound is very small. Although the charged systems (H), (F) are very efficient fluorinating agents, a decisive disadvantage of these systems is their limited solubility in the usual organic solvents. F-Teda
(H) additionally has the disadvantage that a Hofmann elimination often takes place in the case of this quaternary ammonium salt. This is a particular problem in the fluorination of strong carbanions.
There is therefore a great need for an electrophilic fluorinating agent which does not have the disadvantages described, can be easily prepared from readily available starting materials and possesses a high storage
stability.
The strength of weak interactions: aromatic fluorine in drug design.
Selective aromatic fluorine substitution can increase the affinity of a molecule for a macromolecular recognition site through non-covalent interactions. These effects are evaluated most accurately by direct comparison of binding affinities of selectively fluorinated compounds with their corresponding hydrocarbons. In cases where structural data confirm similar binding geometries for the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon analogues, reliable estimates for the impact of fluorination upon arene-pi…X and C-F…X interaction energies are possible. Existing studies show that fluorination’s impact on any individual molecular interaction is quite modest. Upon binding to a protein receptor, cumulative fluorinated aromatic quadrupolar and C-F…X dipolar interaction energies rarely differ from those the corresponding hydrocarbons by more than 1.3 kcal/mol, and most individual interactions appear to be in the 0.1-0.4 kcal/mol range. Similarly, non-ideal selective fluorination is rarely associated with a dramatic decrease in affinity, because the impact of weak repulsive interactions in the bound state is counterbalanced by increased lipophilicity.
.
Perfluoroethers and perfluoropolyethers as artificial blood
1. Due their grater chain mobility and also due to their greater chemical affinity for
perfluoroethers and perfluoropolyethers O2 are more efficient in delivering
“acceptable” (quantities not disclosed) concentrations of O2 both in laboratory
animals and clinical testing on humans.
2. Furthermore, due to their greater solubility in aqueous solutions, perfluoroethers and
perfluoropolyethers don’t require emulsifiers thus simplifying the “artificial blood”
composition.
3. A specific experimental example developed by the ASP school coordinated by Prof.
Walter Navarrini of this Polytechnical Institute is CF3OCF2CF2OCF3 (b.p. = 20°C).
Other fluorine-containing drugs
It has been shown that fluorinated analogues of naturally occurring biologically active compounds
including amino acids, often exhibit unique physiological activity. Fluorination of natural hormones can lead to molecules with new pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic properties. For example the introduction of fluorine into corticosteroids has a dramatic effect on their metabolism (Bush and Mahesh 1964). Because the metabolism of steroid hormones is very important for their physiological activities, the exchange of a hydrogen atom under fluorine atom can be very meaningful. Also other endogenous compounds markedly exchange their biological properties, if one or more fluorine atoms are installed into their molecule. For example, the potent platelet aggregating agent thromboxane A2 has a half-life in vivo of only 32 seconds.
Incorporation of two fluorine atoms into the oxetane ring of thromboxane A2 reduces the rate of carbonium ion formation and acid hydrolysis, so that 7,7-difluoro-thromboxane A2 has a rate of hydrolysis 108-fold slower than the natural substance (Fried et al. 1984). Likewise prostacyclin, which is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, has a very short biological half-life. Fluorination improves the stability of the molecule toward acid hydrolysis and the stability in organisms. Thus 10,10-difluoro-13-dehydroprostacyclin exhibits a half-life 150 times, and has equal potency to, the natural compound (Fried et al. 1980). Cerivastatin, a fluorinated drug from the statin class, which had caused deaths and serious adverse health effects was withdrawn from the market in 2001 ( Furberg and Pitt 2001). It had been linked to at least 31 deaths. Cerivastatin also induced muscle destruction (rhabdomyolysis) and displayed compounded toxicity when used with other drugs.
.
By: kalyan kumar dhar
Apr
28
Modernizing the Medical Laboratory Profession to Meet the 21st Century Challenges
Filed Under Biochemistry | Leave a Comment
The field of medicine is one which is very crucial to humanity and must be devoid of egocentrism, monopoly and similar sentiments and dogmatism that at the long run will transpire into an inimical and detrimental outcome which will negatively impact on the primary beneficiary- the patient. The fundamental goal of any healthcare delivery system should be how to meet the challenges of providing the best possible healthcare services that is pragmatic, efficient, proficient, timely, and accurate, and at the same time less expensive.
Consequently revisiting the Medical laboratory science profession and trying to reposition, rejuvenate and restructure its current curriculum to meet and if possible surpass the currently achieved standard of healthcare services is very crucial and almost nearly indispensable if the country hope to modernize and achieve the primary goals of the medical and healthcare profession and aspirations.
Without an iota of doubt, this noble profession is as complex as humanity itself and any approach thereof in trying to elucidate the best way to uplift the field must definitely take into cognizance such complexity and diversity. Medicine as we used to know has evolved a great deal and today represents greater diversity than seen in the 19th and even the 20th century. From a general perspective when link with the healthcare profession as a whole, this laudable and very imperative field can be broadly divided into Clinical and Laboratory with specialty such as diagnostics falling into the later even when they might not be directly related, while on the other hand nursing and pharmacy among others may fall into the clinical aspect of the medicine.
The fundamental inclination to this brief summation is essentially related to how does the status quo hope to modernize the medical and allied healthcare profession in such a way that the medical laboratory technology discipline is allow to reach its full potential in becoming the true corner stone of modern medicine and its professionals are given the due recognition by the state? I wish to reiterate the fact that my perspective may vary from some of my colleagues principally as a result of my background training which by omission or commission imbibe in me the mentality of seeing my profession from a noble and pragmatic angle in terms of its usefulness, necessity and indispensability in the provision of a comprehensive healthcare services.
Consequently the call for modernization of the profession is not in any way one which blatantly request for a synonymous training scope with that of physician or pathologist, instead it is a call for the incorporation of curriculum that will enable the medical technologist to be able to professionally and legally interpret, aid in the diagnosis, therapy, management and prophylaxis of a given medical condition without compromising either the patient or the primary healthcare provider. This again raise the concern about why it is necessary for the field to determine that monopoly and egocentrism within the multi-complex discipline should be relegated to the background and instead focus and emphasis must be on providing the best healthcare delivery system.
I am very quick to point out that as a consequence to the emergence of varieties of complex scenarios which cloud the easy elucidation of the causative organisms or agents implicated in diseased conditions, the role of the medical laboratory scientists have changed dramatically from that of primarily responding to just the healthcare provider, to now include the determination of the exactness, that is the accuracy and that the same time the best possible treatment and prevention of the cause as necessitated by the contemporary curriculum. Medical Laboratory Scientist are therefore evolving to become more independent in decision making and in some cases have tremendously helped to reduce both cost and waste as a result of their timely intervention, a fact that has been widely recognized within the status quo but never allowed to be publicize for reason beyond imagination.
The modernization of the medical laboratory profession should be able to make an average graduate to be capable of comprehensively utilizing the new curriculum to assist in the interpretation, diagnosis and treatment recommendation of the condition(s) as it relates to the laboratory test(s). This in my opinion can be achieved with the help of adopting a scheme of studying that may be similar to that of the Physician Assistance training, in respect of pragmatically understanding the clinical implications of laboratory data, but with less emphasis on clinical and invariably greater inclinations to the laboratory management of diseases and other medical conditions.
In order for the field of medical laboratory profession to pragmatically achieve such goal of making it to become a 21st century specialty, which will be responsive to primary healthcare providers and the patients, there is no doubt that Physicians and Pathologist must buy into the idea of allowing what is best for the patient to become a reality rather than becoming sentimental- which is understandable. Relying on the conviction that the patient comes first, I do believe that the prevailing status quo can work itself out and aid the field to become ready.
At this juncture I wish to briefly but modestly narrate an incident that happened during a flight from Frankfurt Germany to Washington Dulles Airport in which a passenger on board developed symptom of acute fatigue and thirst leading to fainting. The flight attendance immediately announced that there was a medical emergency on board and seeks the intervention of any medical personnel. Without giving the credit to myself alone, I recognize among other things that the pulse rate and the blood pressure was okay and the dry mouth might be sequel to dehydration and or anxiety. The passenger had to lie on the floor with the head slightly down in comparison to the leg in order to allow for greater blood flow to the brain. With the vital signs okay and the patient having regain consciousness I advice that he should given as much fluid as possible and in the absent of pure glucose-D drink the juice on board did suffice for this purpose. Fortunately there was no need for fluid infusion and by the end of the day it all went well.
Upon arrival in the USA I was later presented with an American Express gift certificate and a thank you letter from the medical director of the airline in addition to the many on board gifts and appreciation. The above narration is not about wanting anybody to thank me further, but rather as an example of how knowledge if well utilized can save life! I had a background training that to a greater extent recognize the essentiality of first aid and being a part of the primary healthcare delivery system. I am not a doctor or physician, but rather a medical laboratory scientist whose professors recognizes the fact that during the course of our training we must know how to deal with some situation without compromising life and at the same time impersonating. Is it therefore possible to train medical laboratory scientist in such a way that they too can have the knowledge base to intervene if need be in a medical situation to the extent that life can be preserve as far as it depends on that knowledge?
There is an absolute necessity of training the modern medical laboratory scientist in the fashion that they are vastly knowledgeable in the area of physiology, anatomy, biochemistry and pharmacology and some basic clinical maneuvers in addition to the most fundamental essentiality of performing diagnostic and or laboratory tests. We all cannot be a nurse, pharmacist or Genetics, nevertheless we can lend a professional helping hand by being able to assist in the most comprehensive manner the bone of contention and by so doing elevate the practice for the benefit of the patient and the system at large.
By and large, any curriculum that hopes to accommodate the tentative modernization that I am asking for may take a minimum of 3 years post graduation from the medical laboratory technology program. During the 3 years period, the prospective student shall receive the necessary educational and professional training needed to enhance his or her capacity to midwife in the most qualified manner the laboratory results, the clinical interpretation from a laboratory management perspective and recommend if need be further test(s) or elimination of some already ordered ones.
Two years shall be spent on correlating clinical and laboratory studies in relation to patients through the thorough studying of the physiology, anatomy, biochemistry and pharmacology, and also pathology. The last year of study should be concentrated in a given area of the clinical laboratory discipline namely; clinical biochemistry (chemical pathology), hematology, microbiology, immunology, coagulation study, urinalysis and instrumentation (automation), laboratory information services (LIS), genetics, among others.
In a nutshell in order to reposition the field of medical laboratory science to become better equip to deal with the challenges of the 21st century medical and health concerns, there is an absolute necessity to upgrade or modernize this area of healthcare that is very crucial and in some cases nearly indispensable as far as the diagnosis, treatment, management and prevention of a medical condition is concerned. Its professionals who are involved in the carrying out of diagnostic tests in order to generate results that is use to substantiate or refute a given provisional diagnosis and or in adequately and scientifically managing the conditions must be treated with respect and be given due sue place of honor among the committee of professions.
The patients stand to gain the most if we can allow our selfish interest or desire for monopolistic inclination to be sacrificed in order to move the United States of America healthcare delivery system forward in order to become second to none in the world and by so doing once more provide the kind of leadership that mankind is expected of the country. As the saying goes necessity is the mother of invention and the medical laboratory profession is in itself a child of necessity that should be allow to grow, rather than being truncated or marginalized at the detriment of the patients.
Ours is the generation that has the pragmatic potential for change as epitomized by the inauguration of the 44th president of the United States of America in President Barack Obama which some cynic pundits have concluded will never happen in the country. The attestation to the pragmatism, broadmindedness and the desire for concrete actions and solutions to the nefarious problems facing the nation especially in context of the economic maladies has been one of the fundamental reasons why the president defeated his opponent in the November 4th 2008 general election.
Physicians, Pharmacists, Nurses and the other allied healthcare professionals could be making history and changing the spectrum of the profession for the best if only they are willing to support the aspiration of the medical laboratory scientists in orchestrating the necessary modalities that will bring about a lasting and durable change and career progression with the ultimate goal of positively impacting on the healthcare delivery system and further leading to a reduction in the cost of doing business.
It has never been my dream to train as a physician as epitomized by my aspiration to pursue the medical laboratory science profession during my undergraduate studies at the University of Calabar College of Medical Sciences. However I was also made to understand within my professional and academic training that I will be very useful and respected as a medical laboratory scientist especially based on my job discretion, performance and potential to make a pragmatically positive difference. In the United States of America the above conviction seems to be a mirage and consequently it may not be good enough for those who aspire to be like me.
We must change, since the later is just inevitable; life without change is not worth living and that is why I do hope that somehow the healthcare profession and its professionals can help the medical laboratory profession to transition from its current status to that which will enable the citizenry to better utilize their profession at full capacity rather than the prevailing circumstances in which the job and responsibilities are more or less haphazardly distributed in context of how laboratory data are generated and yet the generators have little or no input as to how these results are consequently utilized to bring about the diagnosis, treatment and management of the conditions that might have necessitated the request in the first place.
I am proud of being who I am and look forward to achieving the peak of my career which based on my mentors may culminate in the award of a doctorate degree in the field of medical laboratory profession in addition to the capacity to touch lives through researches and other veritable tools that will help bring about further progress, innovation and discovery in the health and medical profession.
May God bless the noble professionals in this field of healthcare, who have continued to give their best with little or no recognition at all for their indispensable services that have been miniaturized into the generation of laboratory data as against the real values and capacity that abound in this very noble profession, amen.
By: Peter Odeh
Consequently revisiting the Medical laboratory science profession and trying to reposition, rejuvenate and restructure its current curriculum to meet and if possible surpass the currently achieved standard of healthcare services is very crucial and almost nearly indispensable if the country hope to modernize and achieve the primary goals of the medical and healthcare profession and aspirations.
Without an iota of doubt, this noble profession is as complex as humanity itself and any approach thereof in trying to elucidate the best way to uplift the field must definitely take into cognizance such complexity and diversity. Medicine as we used to know has evolved a great deal and today represents greater diversity than seen in the 19th and even the 20th century. From a general perspective when link with the healthcare profession as a whole, this laudable and very imperative field can be broadly divided into Clinical and Laboratory with specialty such as diagnostics falling into the later even when they might not be directly related, while on the other hand nursing and pharmacy among others may fall into the clinical aspect of the medicine.
The fundamental inclination to this brief summation is essentially related to how does the status quo hope to modernize the medical and allied healthcare profession in such a way that the medical laboratory technology discipline is allow to reach its full potential in becoming the true corner stone of modern medicine and its professionals are given the due recognition by the state? I wish to reiterate the fact that my perspective may vary from some of my colleagues principally as a result of my background training which by omission or commission imbibe in me the mentality of seeing my profession from a noble and pragmatic angle in terms of its usefulness, necessity and indispensability in the provision of a comprehensive healthcare services.
Consequently the call for modernization of the profession is not in any way one which blatantly request for a synonymous training scope with that of physician or pathologist, instead it is a call for the incorporation of curriculum that will enable the medical technologist to be able to professionally and legally interpret, aid in the diagnosis, therapy, management and prophylaxis of a given medical condition without compromising either the patient or the primary healthcare provider. This again raise the concern about why it is necessary for the field to determine that monopoly and egocentrism within the multi-complex discipline should be relegated to the background and instead focus and emphasis must be on providing the best healthcare delivery system.
I am very quick to point out that as a consequence to the emergence of varieties of complex scenarios which cloud the easy elucidation of the causative organisms or agents implicated in diseased conditions, the role of the medical laboratory scientists have changed dramatically from that of primarily responding to just the healthcare provider, to now include the determination of the exactness, that is the accuracy and that the same time the best possible treatment and prevention of the cause as necessitated by the contemporary curriculum. Medical Laboratory Scientist are therefore evolving to become more independent in decision making and in some cases have tremendously helped to reduce both cost and waste as a result of their timely intervention, a fact that has been widely recognized within the status quo but never allowed to be publicize for reason beyond imagination.
The modernization of the medical laboratory profession should be able to make an average graduate to be capable of comprehensively utilizing the new curriculum to assist in the interpretation, diagnosis and treatment recommendation of the condition(s) as it relates to the laboratory test(s). This in my opinion can be achieved with the help of adopting a scheme of studying that may be similar to that of the Physician Assistance training, in respect of pragmatically understanding the clinical implications of laboratory data, but with less emphasis on clinical and invariably greater inclinations to the laboratory management of diseases and other medical conditions.
In order for the field of medical laboratory profession to pragmatically achieve such goal of making it to become a 21st century specialty, which will be responsive to primary healthcare providers and the patients, there is no doubt that Physicians and Pathologist must buy into the idea of allowing what is best for the patient to become a reality rather than becoming sentimental- which is understandable. Relying on the conviction that the patient comes first, I do believe that the prevailing status quo can work itself out and aid the field to become ready.
At this juncture I wish to briefly but modestly narrate an incident that happened during a flight from Frankfurt Germany to Washington Dulles Airport in which a passenger on board developed symptom of acute fatigue and thirst leading to fainting. The flight attendance immediately announced that there was a medical emergency on board and seeks the intervention of any medical personnel. Without giving the credit to myself alone, I recognize among other things that the pulse rate and the blood pressure was okay and the dry mouth might be sequel to dehydration and or anxiety. The passenger had to lie on the floor with the head slightly down in comparison to the leg in order to allow for greater blood flow to the brain. With the vital signs okay and the patient having regain consciousness I advice that he should given as much fluid as possible and in the absent of pure glucose-D drink the juice on board did suffice for this purpose. Fortunately there was no need for fluid infusion and by the end of the day it all went well.
Upon arrival in the USA I was later presented with an American Express gift certificate and a thank you letter from the medical director of the airline in addition to the many on board gifts and appreciation. The above narration is not about wanting anybody to thank me further, but rather as an example of how knowledge if well utilized can save life! I had a background training that to a greater extent recognize the essentiality of first aid and being a part of the primary healthcare delivery system. I am not a doctor or physician, but rather a medical laboratory scientist whose professors recognizes the fact that during the course of our training we must know how to deal with some situation without compromising life and at the same time impersonating. Is it therefore possible to train medical laboratory scientist in such a way that they too can have the knowledge base to intervene if need be in a medical situation to the extent that life can be preserve as far as it depends on that knowledge?
There is an absolute necessity of training the modern medical laboratory scientist in the fashion that they are vastly knowledgeable in the area of physiology, anatomy, biochemistry and pharmacology and some basic clinical maneuvers in addition to the most fundamental essentiality of performing diagnostic and or laboratory tests. We all cannot be a nurse, pharmacist or Genetics, nevertheless we can lend a professional helping hand by being able to assist in the most comprehensive manner the bone of contention and by so doing elevate the practice for the benefit of the patient and the system at large.
By and large, any curriculum that hopes to accommodate the tentative modernization that I am asking for may take a minimum of 3 years post graduation from the medical laboratory technology program. During the 3 years period, the prospective student shall receive the necessary educational and professional training needed to enhance his or her capacity to midwife in the most qualified manner the laboratory results, the clinical interpretation from a laboratory management perspective and recommend if need be further test(s) or elimination of some already ordered ones.
Two years shall be spent on correlating clinical and laboratory studies in relation to patients through the thorough studying of the physiology, anatomy, biochemistry and pharmacology, and also pathology. The last year of study should be concentrated in a given area of the clinical laboratory discipline namely; clinical biochemistry (chemical pathology), hematology, microbiology, immunology, coagulation study, urinalysis and instrumentation (automation), laboratory information services (LIS), genetics, among others.
In a nutshell in order to reposition the field of medical laboratory science to become better equip to deal with the challenges of the 21st century medical and health concerns, there is an absolute necessity to upgrade or modernize this area of healthcare that is very crucial and in some cases nearly indispensable as far as the diagnosis, treatment, management and prevention of a medical condition is concerned. Its professionals who are involved in the carrying out of diagnostic tests in order to generate results that is use to substantiate or refute a given provisional diagnosis and or in adequately and scientifically managing the conditions must be treated with respect and be given due sue place of honor among the committee of professions.
The patients stand to gain the most if we can allow our selfish interest or desire for monopolistic inclination to be sacrificed in order to move the United States of America healthcare delivery system forward in order to become second to none in the world and by so doing once more provide the kind of leadership that mankind is expected of the country. As the saying goes necessity is the mother of invention and the medical laboratory profession is in itself a child of necessity that should be allow to grow, rather than being truncated or marginalized at the detriment of the patients.
Ours is the generation that has the pragmatic potential for change as epitomized by the inauguration of the 44th president of the United States of America in President Barack Obama which some cynic pundits have concluded will never happen in the country. The attestation to the pragmatism, broadmindedness and the desire for concrete actions and solutions to the nefarious problems facing the nation especially in context of the economic maladies has been one of the fundamental reasons why the president defeated his opponent in the November 4th 2008 general election.
Physicians, Pharmacists, Nurses and the other allied healthcare professionals could be making history and changing the spectrum of the profession for the best if only they are willing to support the aspiration of the medical laboratory scientists in orchestrating the necessary modalities that will bring about a lasting and durable change and career progression with the ultimate goal of positively impacting on the healthcare delivery system and further leading to a reduction in the cost of doing business.
It has never been my dream to train as a physician as epitomized by my aspiration to pursue the medical laboratory science profession during my undergraduate studies at the University of Calabar College of Medical Sciences. However I was also made to understand within my professional and academic training that I will be very useful and respected as a medical laboratory scientist especially based on my job discretion, performance and potential to make a pragmatically positive difference. In the United States of America the above conviction seems to be a mirage and consequently it may not be good enough for those who aspire to be like me.
We must change, since the later is just inevitable; life without change is not worth living and that is why I do hope that somehow the healthcare profession and its professionals can help the medical laboratory profession to transition from its current status to that which will enable the citizenry to better utilize their profession at full capacity rather than the prevailing circumstances in which the job and responsibilities are more or less haphazardly distributed in context of how laboratory data are generated and yet the generators have little or no input as to how these results are consequently utilized to bring about the diagnosis, treatment and management of the conditions that might have necessitated the request in the first place.
I am proud of being who I am and look forward to achieving the peak of my career which based on my mentors may culminate in the award of a doctorate degree in the field of medical laboratory profession in addition to the capacity to touch lives through researches and other veritable tools that will help bring about further progress, innovation and discovery in the health and medical profession.
May God bless the noble professionals in this field of healthcare, who have continued to give their best with little or no recognition at all for their indispensable services that have been miniaturized into the generation of laboratory data as against the real values and capacity that abound in this very noble profession, amen.
By: Peter Odeh
Apr
27
Online Books Shopping Portal– Buy Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Iit Books
Filed Under Physical Chemistry | Leave a Comment
Today you can also buy the household products that you wish for your home or for your office. Not only this, you can also buy book online. Homeshop18.com is an online shopping portals providing you the best and cheap products online. Have a look on some of them below:
Objective Mathematics for AIEEE:
After IIT, NIT (National Institute of Technology) is the second choice for every serious aspirant. And the rate at which NITs are progressing that day is not far off when NITs would be comparable to IITs. In such a situation you cant afford to take your AIEEE (Entrance Exam for NITs and other premier Engineering Colleges) preparation lightly.
Features:
• Exhaustive theory explaining all fundamentals/concepts to build a strong base
• Illustrations to master application of concepts & sharpen problem-solving skills
• Graded exercises to ensure sufficient practice
• These exercises cover all variety of questions that can be asked from the topic
• Previous year solved papers of AIEEE and challenging Mock Test for AIEEE.
• Dishas books contain theory, solved examples and graded exercises all written.
• Exclusively from the perspective of AIEEE. So for outstanding success in AIEEE always rely on Disha Books.
New Pattern Physical chemistry books for IIT-JEE:
About the book:
What is special? This book is an attempt to present Physical Chemistry in a new, innovative and an interesting manner. The whole text has been divided into 19 chapters. Important topics like Electrochemistry, Ionic Equilibrium, and Thermodynamics have further been divided into 3-4 chapters each so as to discuss them exhaustively.
Features
• Extensive and well-written theory
• Wide level of thought-provoking questions and problems in the form of Concept Building Exercises, Concept Testing Exercises and Objective Exercises.
• The logical order or sequencing of solved examples and questions.
• A new and innovative presentation supported by innumerable number of figures, Data tables, pictures, computer generated graphs or structures, analogies, and Interesting related facts in boxes, pictorial representation of crucial concepts. This is done to make learning easy and interesting.
• About the Author Shishir Mittal received his B. Tech. in chemical engineering from IIT Bombay and is currently training Students for IIT-JEE in Kota.
By: Monty Alexander
Objective Mathematics for AIEEE:
After IIT, NIT (National Institute of Technology) is the second choice for every serious aspirant. And the rate at which NITs are progressing that day is not far off when NITs would be comparable to IITs. In such a situation you cant afford to take your AIEEE (Entrance Exam for NITs and other premier Engineering Colleges) preparation lightly.
Features:
• Exhaustive theory explaining all fundamentals/concepts to build a strong base
• Illustrations to master application of concepts & sharpen problem-solving skills
• Graded exercises to ensure sufficient practice
• These exercises cover all variety of questions that can be asked from the topic
• Previous year solved papers of AIEEE and challenging Mock Test for AIEEE.
• Dishas books contain theory, solved examples and graded exercises all written.
• Exclusively from the perspective of AIEEE. So for outstanding success in AIEEE always rely on Disha Books.
New Pattern Physical chemistry books for IIT-JEE:
About the book:
What is special? This book is an attempt to present Physical Chemistry in a new, innovative and an interesting manner. The whole text has been divided into 19 chapters. Important topics like Electrochemistry, Ionic Equilibrium, and Thermodynamics have further been divided into 3-4 chapters each so as to discuss them exhaustively.
Features
• Extensive and well-written theory
• Wide level of thought-provoking questions and problems in the form of Concept Building Exercises, Concept Testing Exercises and Objective Exercises.
• The logical order or sequencing of solved examples and questions.
• A new and innovative presentation supported by innumerable number of figures, Data tables, pictures, computer generated graphs or structures, analogies, and Interesting related facts in boxes, pictorial representation of crucial concepts. This is done to make learning easy and interesting.
• About the Author Shishir Mittal received his B. Tech. in chemical engineering from IIT Bombay and is currently training Students for IIT-JEE in Kota.
By: Monty Alexander
Apr
25
Find Physical Therapy Universities in the United States and Canada. Become an expert in the field of physically therapy by attending one of several physical therapy universities where you can participate in various degree programs. Commonly, physical therapy universities provide 4-year programs in physiotherapy, which may lead to a Doctor of Physical Therapy, or a Masters in Physical therapy.
Prospective students must complete a minimum of an undergraduate program in physiotherapy or related sciences prior to entry into physical therapy universities. In some cases, physical therapy universities do extend undergraduate studies so students can complete necessary academics for acceptance into one of these graduate/post-graduate courses.
Currently there are over 200 accredited physical therapy programs at physical therapy universities, colleges and schools throughout the United States. Accreditation is important as graduates must attain this formal education in order to earn eligibility to take the national licensing examination. (Licensure is required by all States in the U.S.)
Depending on which course of study you choose to pursue, there are at least 31 accredited Master of Physical Therapy programs, as well as over 170 Doctor of Physical Therapy degree programs available through physical therapy universities and colleges today, which makes earning a degree both convenient and readily accessible.
The curricula at physical therapy universities includes studies in biology, biomechanics, chemistry, diagnostics, human growth and development, kinesiology, neuroanatomy, pathology and physical therapeutics. Studies are course-intensive and require a fair amount of dedication and willingness to strive for academic excellence. In addition, if you’re currently in high school and are aiming for a degree in physical therapy, it is wise to take associated science courses related to the field like sports medicine; or volunteering as an athletics trainer for the local football or baseball team. Furthermore, some physical therapy universities do provide Associate Degree programs to students pursuing a career as a physical therapist assistant or physiotherapy aide.
Once you’ve enrolled in one of a number of physical therapy universities, and you’ve earned your professional degree, you can continue to grow professionally by not only taking required continuing education courses, but opting to attain board certification in several specialized areas of focus, like cardio-pulmonary physiotherapy, geriatric physical therapy, occupational therapy, and orthopedic physical therapy, among others.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, career outlook in both professional fields (physical therapist and physical therapist assistant) are expected to grow over the coming years.
If you (or someone you know) are interested in finding physical therapy universities, let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.
Physical Therapy Universities: Earning Your Degree
© Copyright 2007
The CollegeBound Network
All Rights Reserved
NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.
By: Steven Parbach
Prospective students must complete a minimum of an undergraduate program in physiotherapy or related sciences prior to entry into physical therapy universities. In some cases, physical therapy universities do extend undergraduate studies so students can complete necessary academics for acceptance into one of these graduate/post-graduate courses.
Currently there are over 200 accredited physical therapy programs at physical therapy universities, colleges and schools throughout the United States. Accreditation is important as graduates must attain this formal education in order to earn eligibility to take the national licensing examination. (Licensure is required by all States in the U.S.)
Depending on which course of study you choose to pursue, there are at least 31 accredited Master of Physical Therapy programs, as well as over 170 Doctor of Physical Therapy degree programs available through physical therapy universities and colleges today, which makes earning a degree both convenient and readily accessible.
The curricula at physical therapy universities includes studies in biology, biomechanics, chemistry, diagnostics, human growth and development, kinesiology, neuroanatomy, pathology and physical therapeutics. Studies are course-intensive and require a fair amount of dedication and willingness to strive for academic excellence. In addition, if you’re currently in high school and are aiming for a degree in physical therapy, it is wise to take associated science courses related to the field like sports medicine; or volunteering as an athletics trainer for the local football or baseball team. Furthermore, some physical therapy universities do provide Associate Degree programs to students pursuing a career as a physical therapist assistant or physiotherapy aide.
Once you’ve enrolled in one of a number of physical therapy universities, and you’ve earned your professional degree, you can continue to grow professionally by not only taking required continuing education courses, but opting to attain board certification in several specialized areas of focus, like cardio-pulmonary physiotherapy, geriatric physical therapy, occupational therapy, and orthopedic physical therapy, among others.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, career outlook in both professional fields (physical therapist and physical therapist assistant) are expected to grow over the coming years.
If you (or someone you know) are interested in finding physical therapy universities, let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.
Physical Therapy Universities: Earning Your Degree
© Copyright 2007
The CollegeBound Network
All Rights Reserved
NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.
By: Steven Parbach
Apr
21
Your HSC and the Career Ahead
Filed Under Physical Chemistry | Leave a Comment
Looking at the present scenario, factors like job security and economic security are no longer what they were used to be. In fact it has become important to be capable enough to distinguish yourself from others and turn yourself as a well versed professional to beat the competition in every possible manner. However, it is not possible for you to be an expert at everything. The best thing that you can do is to select the proper course to develop a right and successful career. Selecting a proper course can add value to you in terms of career prospects.
There are many people who choose the career without giving a serious second thought. After spending five to ten years, later they realise this is not what he or she expected to be. Moreover there are many who spend months or even years not happy with their careers. It is important to understand that a careful career selection is prime element that helps in fulfilling one’s job search and career satisfaction. Education and career earnings go hand in hand and a right education can let you know your skills and area of improvement. A proper course can successfully train you and improve your morale.
Today there are number of colleges and universities that offer a wide, dizzying number of course programs. It can be quite a testing task to pick or choose course program and further pursue your career. So, the best thing that you can do is to know your interest and passion and follow it by opting right course. As an example-
Engineering
If you are a technical person and love to get involve in technical aspects of different sector then engineering is meant for you. There are many fields of engineering (mining, materials, petroleum etc) and in Australia, mining tends to produce the highest paying and most abundant jobs. You can select this course if you are interested in Physics, Chemistry and / or Mathematics. The UAI required for this course has a very large range. Some of the higher UAI courses are: Aeronautical Engineering at USYD, which is about 92, and Aerospace at USYD, at 99+.
Mathematics
If you have a deep keen interest in mathematics, choose this course program at university. For mathematics graduates there are jobs in finance that pay them very well. They can even become actuaries or financial engineers. Many mathematics graduates also pursue their career in computer science, banking, insurance and other quantitative-analyst type positions. Only a small portion of maths graduates end up being in academia (the field of scholarly pursuits) as lecturers and researchers, as most people tend to think.
Medicine
If you have a keen interest in biology, chemistry, and helping others, medicine is a course you can consider. However, it is more advisable to not choose this course program just for the sake of money. So for those who are looking for this course program need to go through the UMAT exam and interviews as additional selection criteria. Officially, the minimum UAI for medicine at reputable universities is 95, however the median entry for medicine at reputable universities has traditionally been in the low 99s. This is in additional to the UMAT and interview criteria, so medicine can be said to be the most competitive course to get into.
Other health courses
For those who are looking for alternative of medicine can go for other health course program. At reputable universities, Optometry and Vet Science needs about a UAI of 98, Pharmacy needs about 95, Medical science needs about 93, and physiotherapy is much lower and very accessible. If you want to get into medicine but didn’t get the required UAI or UMAT scores, you can get into one of these health courses and transfer via undergraduate or graduate streams, depending on individual universities’ rules.
Certainly selecting a right course and having a college degree is definitely a plus point in career planning. A well-educated and trained professional is surely a priceless asset to any organization. Proper education and industry-recognized credentials allow you to command top salaries, choose from a larger selection of plum positions, and meet the criteria for much-desired promotions. Thus, you must take your course selection plan seriously. You should never opt for a course just because you need it at that moment.
By: Tis Amit
There are many people who choose the career without giving a serious second thought. After spending five to ten years, later they realise this is not what he or she expected to be. Moreover there are many who spend months or even years not happy with their careers. It is important to understand that a careful career selection is prime element that helps in fulfilling one’s job search and career satisfaction. Education and career earnings go hand in hand and a right education can let you know your skills and area of improvement. A proper course can successfully train you and improve your morale.
Today there are number of colleges and universities that offer a wide, dizzying number of course programs. It can be quite a testing task to pick or choose course program and further pursue your career. So, the best thing that you can do is to know your interest and passion and follow it by opting right course. As an example-
Engineering
If you are a technical person and love to get involve in technical aspects of different sector then engineering is meant for you. There are many fields of engineering (mining, materials, petroleum etc) and in Australia, mining tends to produce the highest paying and most abundant jobs. You can select this course if you are interested in Physics, Chemistry and / or Mathematics. The UAI required for this course has a very large range. Some of the higher UAI courses are: Aeronautical Engineering at USYD, which is about 92, and Aerospace at USYD, at 99+.
Mathematics
If you have a deep keen interest in mathematics, choose this course program at university. For mathematics graduates there are jobs in finance that pay them very well. They can even become actuaries or financial engineers. Many mathematics graduates also pursue their career in computer science, banking, insurance and other quantitative-analyst type positions. Only a small portion of maths graduates end up being in academia (the field of scholarly pursuits) as lecturers and researchers, as most people tend to think.
Medicine
If you have a keen interest in biology, chemistry, and helping others, medicine is a course you can consider. However, it is more advisable to not choose this course program just for the sake of money. So for those who are looking for this course program need to go through the UMAT exam and interviews as additional selection criteria. Officially, the minimum UAI for medicine at reputable universities is 95, however the median entry for medicine at reputable universities has traditionally been in the low 99s. This is in additional to the UMAT and interview criteria, so medicine can be said to be the most competitive course to get into.
Other health courses
For those who are looking for alternative of medicine can go for other health course program. At reputable universities, Optometry and Vet Science needs about a UAI of 98, Pharmacy needs about 95, Medical science needs about 93, and physiotherapy is much lower and very accessible. If you want to get into medicine but didn’t get the required UAI or UMAT scores, you can get into one of these health courses and transfer via undergraduate or graduate streams, depending on individual universities’ rules.
Certainly selecting a right course and having a college degree is definitely a plus point in career planning. A well-educated and trained professional is surely a priceless asset to any organization. Proper education and industry-recognized credentials allow you to command top salaries, choose from a larger selection of plum positions, and meet the criteria for much-desired promotions. Thus, you must take your course selection plan seriously. You should never opt for a course just because you need it at that moment.
By: Tis Amit
Apr
18
Are you looking for some inside information on soil Chemistry and your garden? Here’s an up-to-date report from soil Chemistry and your garden experts who should know.
The chemistry of the soil is one of the most critical considerations for any gardener, but it can be particularly vital when it comes to gardening with perennials. That is because, whereas annuals provide a fresh start year after year, gardening with perennials means that the plants stay in the ground, and the chemistry of the soil can greatly affect all types of perennials.
It is difficult to overestimate how important proper soil chemistry is, since the soil provides all the nutrients the plants need to grow and thrive.
Most types of perennials are quite hardy, but it is very important to prepare the flower bed properly. A properly prepared bed is the first step to enjoying a healthy garden full of perennials. As with all plants, it is important for all varieties of perennials to have plenty of healthy soil, enough water and the right amount of sunlight.
One of the most common problems with perennials is that of an uneven growth pattern. There are many types of perennials, and they all have different growth rates. It is normal for different types of perennials to grow faster or more slowly, but if identical varieties of perennials show very different growth patterns within different parts of the garden, soil chemistry may be to blame. Many gardeners assume that the same garden plot will have the same chemistry everywhere, but this is not always the case. Soil chemistry can vary even on the same properly, sometimes even within the same garden plot.
Is everything making sense so far? If not, I’m sure that with just a little more reading, all the facts will fall into place.
If you suspect that soil chemistry may be to blame for uneven growth patterns, it is important to have a thorough soil analysis done to either confirm your suspicions or rule them out. A good testing lab can quickly point out problems like an uneven pH level, insufficient organic materials in the soil, or insufficient nutrients. The analysis will also give you a good baseline to go from as you improve the soil with various additives.
The pH level of the soil is an important consideration for the perennial garden. Most varieties of perennials will grow quite well in soils with a pH of 5.5 to 7.0, but some perennials have different requirements. If you do not know which plants will grow best in your soil, be sure to check with your nursery or garden center.
If the pH level is excessively alkaline or excessively acidic, it can be brought back into balance by adding humus. You can easily make your own humus by using a compost bin to break down organic material, or humus can be purchased directly from a garden center or nursery. If the humus is unsuccessful, limestone can be added to make the soil more alkaline, while adding sulfur will help make it more acidic.
After the baseline soil chemistry is known, it will be easier to monitor the quality of the soil going forward. A bed of perennials should be checked for soil chemistry quality anytime a significant change in the quality or number of blooms is noticed. Keeping on top of the quality of your soil, and making changes as needed, is the best way to keep your perennials blooming season after season.
You can’t predict when knowing something extra about soil Chemistry and your garden will come in handy. If you learned anything new about soil chemistry pertaining to the perennial garden in this article, you should file the article where you can find it again.
By: J. Brian Keith
The chemistry of the soil is one of the most critical considerations for any gardener, but it can be particularly vital when it comes to gardening with perennials. That is because, whereas annuals provide a fresh start year after year, gardening with perennials means that the plants stay in the ground, and the chemistry of the soil can greatly affect all types of perennials.
It is difficult to overestimate how important proper soil chemistry is, since the soil provides all the nutrients the plants need to grow and thrive.
Most types of perennials are quite hardy, but it is very important to prepare the flower bed properly. A properly prepared bed is the first step to enjoying a healthy garden full of perennials. As with all plants, it is important for all varieties of perennials to have plenty of healthy soil, enough water and the right amount of sunlight.
One of the most common problems with perennials is that of an uneven growth pattern. There are many types of perennials, and they all have different growth rates. It is normal for different types of perennials to grow faster or more slowly, but if identical varieties of perennials show very different growth patterns within different parts of the garden, soil chemistry may be to blame. Many gardeners assume that the same garden plot will have the same chemistry everywhere, but this is not always the case. Soil chemistry can vary even on the same properly, sometimes even within the same garden plot.
Is everything making sense so far? If not, I’m sure that with just a little more reading, all the facts will fall into place.
If you suspect that soil chemistry may be to blame for uneven growth patterns, it is important to have a thorough soil analysis done to either confirm your suspicions or rule them out. A good testing lab can quickly point out problems like an uneven pH level, insufficient organic materials in the soil, or insufficient nutrients. The analysis will also give you a good baseline to go from as you improve the soil with various additives.
The pH level of the soil is an important consideration for the perennial garden. Most varieties of perennials will grow quite well in soils with a pH of 5.5 to 7.0, but some perennials have different requirements. If you do not know which plants will grow best in your soil, be sure to check with your nursery or garden center.
If the pH level is excessively alkaline or excessively acidic, it can be brought back into balance by adding humus. You can easily make your own humus by using a compost bin to break down organic material, or humus can be purchased directly from a garden center or nursery. If the humus is unsuccessful, limestone can be added to make the soil more alkaline, while adding sulfur will help make it more acidic.
After the baseline soil chemistry is known, it will be easier to monitor the quality of the soil going forward. A bed of perennials should be checked for soil chemistry quality anytime a significant change in the quality or number of blooms is noticed. Keeping on top of the quality of your soil, and making changes as needed, is the best way to keep your perennials blooming season after season.
You can’t predict when knowing something extra about soil Chemistry and your garden will come in handy. If you learned anything new about soil chemistry pertaining to the perennial garden in this article, you should file the article where you can find it again.
By: J. Brian Keith
Apr
16
Learn the Concept of Physics
Filed Under Physical Chemistry | Leave a Comment
What is Physics?
Physics is the scientific and detailed study of matter and energy and their interaction in this world. Their interaction results into different kinds of energy and takes the form of motion, light, electricity, radiation, gravity and just about anything else. The subject deals with matter on scales ranging from sub-atomic particles to stars and even entire galaxies.
In another way, physics can be better defined as an organized way of interacting with the nature. The subject logically enables physicists to seek logical answers from the nature. The answer obtained from the nature helps us to understand the working of the world and imparts a new knowledge and learning about our mysterious universe.
The basic idea of physics is present in other branches of science including astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology. In fact, physics is an indispensable element of the applied science and engineering which has generated results such as supersonic jets, laser technology, and latest computer systems to ultra-modern equipments to add luxury in our normal lives. As a result, physics is as fresh, exciting and learning subject as ever.
How Physics Works
The subject matter of physics takes inspiration from the experiments on the basis of assumed hypothesis through a well-defined scientific method, based on the observation of the world. In addition, the results of experimentation can be further utilized in generating another scientific laws and predicting other phenomenon of the subject. However, it is important to have a good knowledge of mathematics for understanding the concepts of physics in the normal practice.
Use of Physics in Every day’s Life
Physics is an integral part of today’s modern life. It helps us to explore the answers prevailing in the world. Whether you want to know about the logic behind the lightening effect or familiar with the concept of energy conversion from on e form to another, physics can provide all logical answers for your curiosity.
Find a physics tutor at orbitutors.com or contact to good quality physics tutor to get the concepts very well.
By: Synapse India
Physics is the scientific and detailed study of matter and energy and their interaction in this world. Their interaction results into different kinds of energy and takes the form of motion, light, electricity, radiation, gravity and just about anything else. The subject deals with matter on scales ranging from sub-atomic particles to stars and even entire galaxies.
In another way, physics can be better defined as an organized way of interacting with the nature. The subject logically enables physicists to seek logical answers from the nature. The answer obtained from the nature helps us to understand the working of the world and imparts a new knowledge and learning about our mysterious universe.
The basic idea of physics is present in other branches of science including astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology. In fact, physics is an indispensable element of the applied science and engineering which has generated results such as supersonic jets, laser technology, and latest computer systems to ultra-modern equipments to add luxury in our normal lives. As a result, physics is as fresh, exciting and learning subject as ever.
How Physics Works
The subject matter of physics takes inspiration from the experiments on the basis of assumed hypothesis through a well-defined scientific method, based on the observation of the world. In addition, the results of experimentation can be further utilized in generating another scientific laws and predicting other phenomenon of the subject. However, it is important to have a good knowledge of mathematics for understanding the concepts of physics in the normal practice.
Use of Physics in Every day’s Life
Physics is an integral part of today’s modern life. It helps us to explore the answers prevailing in the world. Whether you want to know about the logic behind the lightening effect or familiar with the concept of energy conversion from on e form to another, physics can provide all logical answers for your curiosity.
Find a physics tutor at orbitutors.com or contact to good quality physics tutor to get the concepts very well.
By: Synapse India
Apr
16
A Healthy Tropical Alternative
Filed Under Biochemistry | Leave a Comment
When you think of coconuts the image of palm-lined beaches and clear blue water surely comes to mind, but did you know coconuts also may help protect your heart? Because coconuts contain more saturated fat than butter, at one time many health experts believed that consuming this sweet treat would result in clogged arteries and heart disease. However, studies show that the benefits of coconuts outweigh the possible risks, which should please those with tropical fever. In a study published in Clinical Biochemistry, 2004 1, researchers looked at coconut oil as a component of diet in laboratory animals (Sprague-Dawley rats). In this study, virgin coconut oil, which was obtained by wet process, had a beneficial effect in lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
Even though coconuts do have a high saturated fat count, more than 50% of that is lauric acid. A study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported that although lauric acid raises LDL (”bad”) cholesterol, it raises HDL (”good”) cholesterol even more. The other 50% of the saturated fat content is made up of fatty acids that have little or no effect on cholesterol. Lowering your cholesterol levels is one of the easiest ways to reduce your risk of heart disease, so it looks like coconuts are back on the menu!
This tasty tropical treat is still high in calories, so don’t overdo it. Instead, buy a bag of shredded coconut and have just a handful as a mid-morning snack or mixed into your trail mix. Try to avoid a sudden spike in your blood sugar by making sure you consume bagged coconut that is free of added sweeteners. If you’d like to try cooking with coconut milk, try a delicious grilled coconut shrimp or coconut-crusted chicken on a balmy summer evening for a change of pace. If you’re really in the coconut tropical mood, go ahead and plant a palm tree, buy a set of tiki torches, have a Caribbean cookout, because you’ll be jam’in to a healthier you!
Recipe (serves 2)
Coconut Crusted Shrimp
20 medium shrimp
1 tsp. garlic and herb seasoning
1/2 tsp. black pepper
3/4 cup flour
2 medium eggs, well-beaten
1 cup shredded coconut
Directions
Preheat oven to temperature 400°F. Spray a large baking sheet with nonstick spray. Sprinkle garlic and herb seasoning and pepper evenly over the shrimp. Place the flour, egg, and coconut in three small separate bowls. Dip shrimp into the egg, then the flour, then the egg again, and then into the coconut. Place shrimp on the baking sheet at least 1 inch apart. Bake for about 12-15 minutes, or until they are crisp and golden brown. Serving suggestion: dip in mango sauce.
1. Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation. K.G.Nevin and T. Rajamohan, Clinical Biochemistry 37,2004;830-835).
Recipe is adapted from Chefs.com
By: beth aldrich
Even though coconuts do have a high saturated fat count, more than 50% of that is lauric acid. A study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported that although lauric acid raises LDL (”bad”) cholesterol, it raises HDL (”good”) cholesterol even more. The other 50% of the saturated fat content is made up of fatty acids that have little or no effect on cholesterol. Lowering your cholesterol levels is one of the easiest ways to reduce your risk of heart disease, so it looks like coconuts are back on the menu!
This tasty tropical treat is still high in calories, so don’t overdo it. Instead, buy a bag of shredded coconut and have just a handful as a mid-morning snack or mixed into your trail mix. Try to avoid a sudden spike in your blood sugar by making sure you consume bagged coconut that is free of added sweeteners. If you’d like to try cooking with coconut milk, try a delicious grilled coconut shrimp or coconut-crusted chicken on a balmy summer evening for a change of pace. If you’re really in the coconut tropical mood, go ahead and plant a palm tree, buy a set of tiki torches, have a Caribbean cookout, because you’ll be jam’in to a healthier you!
Recipe (serves 2)
Coconut Crusted Shrimp
20 medium shrimp
1 tsp. garlic and herb seasoning
1/2 tsp. black pepper
3/4 cup flour
2 medium eggs, well-beaten
1 cup shredded coconut
Directions
Preheat oven to temperature 400°F. Spray a large baking sheet with nonstick spray. Sprinkle garlic and herb seasoning and pepper evenly over the shrimp. Place the flour, egg, and coconut in three small separate bowls. Dip shrimp into the egg, then the flour, then the egg again, and then into the coconut. Place shrimp on the baking sheet at least 1 inch apart. Bake for about 12-15 minutes, or until they are crisp and golden brown. Serving suggestion: dip in mango sauce.
1. Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation. K.G.Nevin and T. Rajamohan, Clinical Biochemistry 37,2004;830-835).
Recipe is adapted from Chefs.com
By: beth aldrich
Apr
13
Certain forms of attraction can have a powerful influence on the opposite sex. Attractive body language is picked up by people on a very deep level of the mind. Experts say body language can account for as much as sixty percent of communication between individuals. Used correctly, it can make someone feel a sense of warmth and familiarity towards you.
We all know how important it is to make a good first impression. When someone meets you for the first time, there are a number of signs they will pick up displayed by your body language. One of these is posture. If you stand up straight with your head held high and your shoulders pushed back, it displays a sense of confidence in yourself. A great smile is also a sign that you are a warm and approachable individual. Making eye contact means you are not afraid of someone and you are eager to get to know them.
A man needs to carry himself as if he is strong and in charge to impress a woman. A woman won’t be interested in a weak and frail man. A woman needs to carry herself in a way which is confident and sexy, commanding a mans respect. No matter what physique you have, the correct body language will portray you as a sexy, confident and attractive person to the opposite sex. This will obviously greatly improve you chance of getting dates and repeat dates.
Body language can be exploited in many ways to attract the opposite sex. A great technique to learn is mirroring. Mirroring is done when you are interacting with someone by watching their movements, waiting a while, and then copying their movements. Be careful not to make it too obvious though. The person you are mirroring will start feeling a sense of closeness and comfort towards you without even realising it. This technique can be employed very successfully in many different situations like watching a movie or having coffee with someone.
It is important to notice your prospective partners body language carefully. After a while, you will learn how to pick up certain signals and respond to them correctly. When a woman plays with her hair or licks her lips, it often means she is in a playful mood and shows some interest in advancing to a physical level with a man. Another sign is when her eyes become soft and she loses concentration. A man will often become touchy and forget what he was saying. His eyes will also become dilated and he may become sweaty and agitated.
All through school, we are never taught the importance of body language in communication. This is a sad fact, because it is a very important part of communication in all human and animal life on Earth. Once you begin to master the correct use of body language, your ability to communicate successfully will increase dramatically. You will be on a whole new level socially.
By: Eric
We all know how important it is to make a good first impression. When someone meets you for the first time, there are a number of signs they will pick up displayed by your body language. One of these is posture. If you stand up straight with your head held high and your shoulders pushed back, it displays a sense of confidence in yourself. A great smile is also a sign that you are a warm and approachable individual. Making eye contact means you are not afraid of someone and you are eager to get to know them.
A man needs to carry himself as if he is strong and in charge to impress a woman. A woman won’t be interested in a weak and frail man. A woman needs to carry herself in a way which is confident and sexy, commanding a mans respect. No matter what physique you have, the correct body language will portray you as a sexy, confident and attractive person to the opposite sex. This will obviously greatly improve you chance of getting dates and repeat dates.
Body language can be exploited in many ways to attract the opposite sex. A great technique to learn is mirroring. Mirroring is done when you are interacting with someone by watching their movements, waiting a while, and then copying their movements. Be careful not to make it too obvious though. The person you are mirroring will start feeling a sense of closeness and comfort towards you without even realising it. This technique can be employed very successfully in many different situations like watching a movie or having coffee with someone.
It is important to notice your prospective partners body language carefully. After a while, you will learn how to pick up certain signals and respond to them correctly. When a woman plays with her hair or licks her lips, it often means she is in a playful mood and shows some interest in advancing to a physical level with a man. Another sign is when her eyes become soft and she loses concentration. A man will often become touchy and forget what he was saying. His eyes will also become dilated and he may become sweaty and agitated.
All through school, we are never taught the importance of body language in communication. This is a sad fact, because it is a very important part of communication in all human and animal life on Earth. Once you begin to master the correct use of body language, your ability to communicate successfully will increase dramatically. You will be on a whole new level socially.
By: Eric
Apr
13
Effective Way to Help College and University Students to Solve Their Study Questions, Coursework and Homework
Filed Under Physical Chemistry | Leave a Comment
PhyChemBioMath.com unveiled a new website focused on helping college university students and professional professors ask and get answers on science related questions and discussions include physics help, chemistry help, biology help and mathematics/math help.
Thousands of students forums existing in internet but students may not easy and fast to get answers, share the questions to classmates and get related reference books. In an effort to solve the problems and simple physics help, chemistry help, biology help and mathematics/math help platform to college university students, professional and professors, PhyChemBioMath.com has just unveiled the new website PhyChemBioMath.com Forums - www.PhyChemBioMath.com.
The PhyChemBioMath.com Forums website is dedicated to, not just, provide a platform for college university students and professionals to share and discussion scientific researches, questions and homework. With the new features, students / professionals will get helps quickly for their homework and coursework and questions. They will easily to share questions with all their classmates and professors, and effectively to sort-out related textbooks for such topic.
Two new features from PhyChemBioMath.com Forums that effectively help students and professionals to share their discussions and questions, and get answers much faster. First, members now can forward interesting posts to all other classmates and university professors to seek help directly or share new ideas. Members just press FORWARD button and input friends’ emails and private messages. Messages with post links will be forwarded to friends to show your idea or looking for help.
Second, member now can post the related textbooks’ ISBN during posting. PhyChemBioMath.com Forums will automatically analysis and classify the textbooks information and store them in member bookstores. These will convenience all members to find related textbooks and reference books for studying on such topic.
“I’ve excited to establish such forums networks to let students and professionals everywhere, to participate the sharing and discussion on scientific researches and homework.” stated Andy KF Woo, founder of PhyChemBioMath.com Forums. “With the new FORWARD and MEMBER BOOKSTORE features, we are sure students and professionals will effectively to solve the scientific questions, and find good reference textbooks for their study on physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics subject.
Now if you want to get help from others professionals, or get more information regarding the new features from PhyChemBioMath.com Forums, please visit website http://www.phychembiomath.com/.
Student Money Maker unveiled their new website focused on providing university students with information products on how to make extra money while attending college.
By: K.F. WOO
Thousands of students forums existing in internet but students may not easy and fast to get answers, share the questions to classmates and get related reference books. In an effort to solve the problems and simple physics help, chemistry help, biology help and mathematics/math help platform to college university students, professional and professors, PhyChemBioMath.com has just unveiled the new website PhyChemBioMath.com Forums - www.PhyChemBioMath.com.
The PhyChemBioMath.com Forums website is dedicated to, not just, provide a platform for college university students and professionals to share and discussion scientific researches, questions and homework. With the new features, students / professionals will get helps quickly for their homework and coursework and questions. They will easily to share questions with all their classmates and professors, and effectively to sort-out related textbooks for such topic.
Two new features from PhyChemBioMath.com Forums that effectively help students and professionals to share their discussions and questions, and get answers much faster. First, members now can forward interesting posts to all other classmates and university professors to seek help directly or share new ideas. Members just press FORWARD button and input friends’ emails and private messages. Messages with post links will be forwarded to friends to show your idea or looking for help.
Second, member now can post the related textbooks’ ISBN during posting. PhyChemBioMath.com Forums will automatically analysis and classify the textbooks information and store them in member bookstores. These will convenience all members to find related textbooks and reference books for studying on such topic.
“I’ve excited to establish such forums networks to let students and professionals everywhere, to participate the sharing and discussion on scientific researches and homework.” stated Andy KF Woo, founder of PhyChemBioMath.com Forums. “With the new FORWARD and MEMBER BOOKSTORE features, we are sure students and professionals will effectively to solve the scientific questions, and find good reference textbooks for their study on physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics subject.
Now if you want to get help from others professionals, or get more information regarding the new features from PhyChemBioMath.com Forums, please visit website http://www.phychembiomath.com/.
Student Money Maker unveiled their new website focused on providing university students with information products on how to make extra money while attending college.
By: K.F. WOO